Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi â€Å"To make justice visible in the land to destroy the wicked person and the evil-doer, that the strong might not injure the weak. † The Code of Hammurabi was a law code written by King Hammurabi. The code was carved in a black pillar and was placed in a temple. This was so the entire village had knowledge of it. It was written sometime between 1792 to 1750 B. C. E. and was partly based off of the Code of Lipit-Ishtar.People in the 1700’s were punished, although punishments weren’t meant to exceed the crime, women had less rights and lower social standing then men, and they highly valued family. â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth,† represents a harsh sense of justice based on revenge. King Hammurabi made his laws this way to prevent crimes from happening. Once a person knew penalty of a crime the likelihood of the person committing a crime greatly decreased. Also, he wanted this all people were not viewed as equals.The punishments for the same crime committed by a free man versus a slave were incredibly harsher towards the slave. â€Å"If a man knocked out the tooth of a man that is equal his tooth shall be knocked out,† whereas if a slave had knocked out the tooth of a free man he would have to pay one third of mina of silver. King Hammurabi may have wanted quality but he did not achieve it through his laws. Woman may have played important roles in the Babylonian society, but they certainty were not treated this way.The Hammurabi Code is extremely gender bias towards women, the laws were meant to control the woman in the society. Women were viewed more as an arranged contract between the woman’s father and her suitor. â€Å"If a man has taken a wife and has not executed a marriage contract, that woman is not his wife. † If a wife is caught cheating in the act she can be strangled or become her husbands’ slave, whereas if a husband is caught cheating he has to pay said wife. Clearly, women were treated unfairly compared to men in this society.These laws were considered family laws. Family was the basic unit of daily life. Laws required deep respect towards parents. â€Å"If a son struck his father, his hands shall be cut off. † Hammurabi Code forbids incest. It states â€Å"if a man has committed incest with his daughter, that men shall be banished from the city. † Babylonian Society was very concerned about gender, class, and family. Women were viewed more as possessions then people. Women didn’t get to pick their husband; their father chose and made the arrangements with their future husband.A white male had a higher standing in society than a black man. If a white man and a black man committed the same crime, the black man would face worse consequences. You cannot disown your children legally, unless the said child committed a grave misdemeanor. The most concerned problem for Babylonian society was people lying in trial to a Judge. In most cases punishment for this was death, a serious problem that results in a serious punishment. The Code of Hammurabi showed the types of crimes they had thousands of years ago.

Example of Business Report Essay

Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to investigate a student club at a private university in Jakarta, which is called BNEC (Bina Nusantara English Club) at BINUS University. BNEC is a non-profit English organization for undergraduate students of any major studying at BINUS University. Its main purpose is to develop its members’ English skills by providing TOEFL, Debate, Scrabble, Spelling Bee, Public Speaking, and Performing classes. BNEC has actively participated in various national and international competitions. The strengths of this organization can be seen from many national and international achievements that this unit has achieved. The main reason for its success was due to its strong leadership sustainability, which allowed the changing leaders and committees of the unit always manage to accomplish the set targets and goals. Moreover, its tight selection  process for the new members has resulted in highly proficient English participants, readily supporting the arranged activities. Lastly, the high-quality training programs available have contributed to a rigorous and intensive practice of using English for public performances. However, the unit has some areas for improvement. For example, the communication styles between supervisors and subordinates were sometimes problematic, as all participants underwent the learning process of teamwork communication. The unit has also developed a certain degree of arrogance and pride, which even widened the gap between the unit with other lower proficient students studying in the university, and thus developing and strengthening its exclusivity. After taking both strengths and weaknesses into consideration, it is recommended that BNEC should begin to develop more social programs, carefully designed to help their fellow students outside their organization in the university, or even to other marginal members of the society living near the university, to improve their English proficiency and establish BINUS University and its surrounding areas as the English as a Second Language (ESL) area. 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this report was to investigate a student club at BINUS University, namely BNEC (Bina Nusantara English Club), and recommend a suitable solution to its problems and some suggestions for its future development. 1.2 Scope When investigating BNEC, it was important to consider its current conditions in terms of its organizational structure, management/leadership style, materials development, marketing/promotion, programs and training. 1.3 Method The information used in this report was collected by having some interviews with personnel in BNEC, including the chairman, secretary, treasurer, promotion team, program coordinators, and some members. 1.4 Limitations PICs and members were sometimes difficult to meet Important information is difficult to collect †¦. 1.5 Assumptions It has been assumed that BNEC has not proved effective and efficient in running the organization. As the members actively participate in its programs and activities, it has been assumed that the implementation of its training programs shows little contribution to improving their proficiency levels. As most BNEC programs have generated many awards and prizes, it is assumed that there are still programs that do not result in significant achievements. 1.6 Background BNEC was established in 1992. It is the only English-based student unit at BINUS University. Its main purpose is to develop the member’s English skill by providing TOEFL, Debates, Scrabble, Spelling Bee, Public Speaking, and Performing classes. BNEC also actively participates in a variety of national and international competitions. It has achieved many achievements. Besides these, it is also widely acknowledged for its event organizing. BNEC was awarded The Best Student Organization in 2010, 2011, and 2012 by BINUS University. 2. Findings 2.1 Strengths Strong communication channels among members A variety of programs offered Active and supporting team members †¦. 2.2 Weaknesses Less involved in CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) programs Focused only on one main headquarters, no branches Limited resources for programs development †¦. 3. Discussions 3.1 (Organization Structure) – this is just an example – Generally, BNEC consists of three big departments, which are ‘Information and Development’, ‘Product and Achievement’, and ‘Marketing and Communication.’ Each department has its own unit. In total, BNEC has 12 units, which are managed by the Board of Management. In the author’s perspectives, the way the organization is structured brings out some problems. For example, †¦.. 3.2 (Management and Leadership Style) All Board Management at BNEC are carefully selected, and each of them plays an important role in running the organization. †¦. 3.3 (Resource Development) †¦. 3.4 (Marketing and Promotion) †¦. 3.5 (Programs and Training) †¦ 4. Conclusion After investigating BNEC, it was found that †¦. It is important to consider the long term benefits to the organization when considering which programs or events were best conducted. †¦. The management style had to be easily adaptable for new opportunities such as †¦. †¦. 5. Recommendations and Implementation The findings and conclusion in this report support the following recommendations: The board of management needs to adapt to †¦ Programs need to be developed based on †¦.. Members must have email or online access on their electronic gadgets to enable them to be in contact with the organization at all times All marketing and promotion team should negotiate price and ongoing service agreements with external parties To reduce the organization long term expenses: The organization could investigate the viability of †¦. †¦. Training programs available for members should have the maximum duration of 1.5 months (6 weeks) 6. References http://mybnec.org/view/about.php

Analysis of Introduction to Poetry & Reading Poetry

Analysis of Introduction to Poetry & Reading Poetry â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† by Billy Collins the theme that there is most focuses on is the experience getting out of reading a poem. When reading a poem readers tend to just read the poem and then come to a direct conclusion and assume that they understand the meaning, and not looking at it in a different way. This is not what Billy Collins wants â€Å"them† referring to his students to do. In the first stanzas it shows how â€Å"I† who is referred to himself wants â€Å"them† to experience the poem.The tone the author has changes throughout the poem. By looking at the first two words in the beginning of the first three stanzas, there is a clear change in tone. The change in tone shows that his temper is rising as the poem progresses. He starts off by â€Å"I ask them† which is polite, then in the next stanzas â€Å"I say† which is more direct and in the third stanzas â€Å"I want them t o† which indicates that his mood and tone has changed. The way Billy Collins chooses to describe the experience with particular images.In the first stanza, â€Å"poem† is compared to â€Å"a color slide† that creates a strong imagery that readers have to squint their eyes to look at the slide clearly. In the second stanza, â€Å"poem† is compared to â€Å"a hive†, it might be difficult to fully understand a poem, but one can succeed even though it seems difficult. In the third and fourth stanza, Billy Collins compares â€Å"poem† to â€Å"a maze† and â€Å"a room in a house†, that indicates that the reader must feel lost and frustration. Yet, the last two stanzas show a harsh and different contrast to the previous stanzas.The tone and imagery has a negative kind of manner towards poetry, as he describes the way his students read and rush to a conclusion. The author describes â€Å"poem† as â€Å"a prisoner†, being tied to a chair and tortured with a hose. It adds a mocking, yet humorous tone to the whole poem, mocking at the incorrect attitudes of students towards poetry, hoping to alert the readers at the same time. The poet’s choice of words gives dramatic imagery for the readers, In hope of changing the reading and interpretations of the poem. Reading Poetry† and â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† are bough similar in the way that they are describing poetry and the way they relate to how people do and should interpret poetry. â€Å"Reading Poetry† has more focus on how people see poetry for and against point of view. It tells the reader a lot about the history of poetry and the way poets write poems. The structure in â€Å"Reading Poetry† is very organized in the sense that the author starts off by writing about the ancient Greeks and Romans and works its way all the way down to how different people interpret a poem.The two texts are very different when it come s to the contexts and lay out, but the author’s bought state the same opinion. They way to understand a poem is what they discuss the most, it is also a very important key element when reading a poem. Poets use their poems to express emotions and experiences; they then pass them on to the reader to give the reader a feeling of the author way of seeing things. Text 2 â€Å"Reading Poetry† goes into detail with trying to define poetry. This is a question that cannot be answered but is a personal opinion, just like art. Poems are a work of art, some like it others don’t. It’s a matter of taste.

Educating Rita movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Educating Rita movie - Essay Example Rita became ambitious after studying literature. IV. Third Argument: Literary education provides a path for self-discovery enabling us to identify our needs and meet them. V. Fourth argument: Literary education can benefit anybody in ending ignorance. It changed Rita from an ignorant woman to a confident sophisticated woman. VI. Counter Argument: Opponents of literary education as beneficial to anyone would argue that it altered Rita’s social life negatively. However, it was because of the husband’s ignorance that the marriage failed to work. VII. Conclusion: In conclusion, the play Educating Rita depicts that literary education change anybody’s life positively. It changes Rita from illiterate, ignorant woman, studies literature. She eventually becomes transformed into an ambitious confident woman. Everybody Can Benefit From a Literary Education Introduction Educating Rita is a play that revolves around a woman by the name Rita, who aspires to get educated and al ter her social class. In the same play is another character by the name Frank, who is Rita’s tutor, educated but appears disinterested with life. Throughout the play, Rita views education as the only path towards change. This makes education one of the major themes in the play. Literature characterizes the statues of the people living in a given society. Therefore, the kind of literature written by people living in a given society can be used to study that society. In the play Educating Rita, there is clear depiction of how the society perceives different aspects of life. Therefore, literally education can help anybody understand a given society without having to live within that society. For example, through studying this play, we are able to understand the society that Rita was living in. we experience that hardships that she had to undergo in her daily life. People living in a similar society can benefit from this literally study and learn how they can deal with their chal lenges and succeed in life. This essay argues that everybody can benefit from a literary education. Literary education has great magnitude of bringing positive change in our lives. In the play, education contributes greatly in bringing change in Rita’s life. Although the change may not be instant, it may take time but it can eventually alter the life of everybody who takes literature studies positively. Education molds the way we view things. In case of Rita, she starts of as an illiterate girl who barely understands anything. She is working as a hairdresser with little understanding of the world. Little by little, she becomes knowledgeable and sophisticated. Therefore, literary education is capable of benefitting everybody who undertakes it (Russell 2-6). Everybody can benefit from education since it enables us to set and achieve goals. Rita starts of as poor girl struggling financially with little education. Her main obstacle is her inability to communicate effectively. Her accent and poor mastery of language makes her feel out of place while among other students. She can barely suit in the school. However, as she continues with her education, she becomes motivated, confident, and ends up having achieved most of her goals. When she achieves in her literature studies, Rita realizes her capability and gains confidence that she could achieve in her life. Communication skill plays a major role in education. Therefore having good mastery of literary education

Management Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Questions - Essay Example Concentration is a unit of summary measures that connects proportion with numbers. Regardless of the knowledge on customer's risks of individuals with high accuracy degree or knowledge on the relationship between customers' risks a reduced concentration will lead to an overall reduction on the organizations credit risk exposure and its range of receivables thus increasing the firm's diversification The management should be deeply concerned in overcoming initial pitfalls and in provision of the finances required in the export process. These he can do by closely monitoring the efforts towards international marketing. The management should seek export guidance from qualified personnel which will assist them in developing a good marketing strategy prior to the start of the export business. The developed strategy should incorporate the export objectives plus expected 'negatives'. The management should be extra cautious when selecting distributors from overseas. Best distributors are those who are very independent in their work. However, the international distributors should be given the same treatment as the domestic counterparts with much emphasis on orderly growth and profitable ventures. The management should never hold assumptions that given product marketing techniques will obviously succeed in all countries i.e. what works in Israel may fail in Korea. It is therefore important for the management to treat each market separately in order to succeed. Since each country has a different culture and therefore a different cultural preference the management should have the willingness to modify their products so as to meet the said differences. The management should take advantage of economies of scale. This can be made possible through the enlargement of the overall sales base so as to spread the exports fixed costs. Question five The management might be required to divert its key personnel from the domestic responsibilities so as they can help in developing the company's export procedures. The initial procedures and start-up decisions might end up consuming most of the company's precious time a thing that will slow its operations. The whole excise might turn out to be very expensive since the sales promotion material, brochures and catalogues will be required to be translated in the many foreign languages involved in the exporting business. Together with these the company might need to add its plant facilities so as to cope with the now expanding market. Export will definitely require additional funds because it is known to be a very expensive exercise which involves regular product modifications so as to meet the varying specifications of the foreign markets. The management will be required to allow credit terms so as to keep pace with the highly competitive global market, the local customs authority and the travel arrangements. Question six Where transportation means are not available the company will make low sales. Also when the transportation costs are too high the company will be constrained on the amount to

Flow chart of the recruitment (top) and selection (bottom) process Assignment

Flow chart of the recruitment (top) and selection (bottom) process - Assignment Example The paper tells that recruitment can be done in two levels i.e. internal recruitment and external recruitment, although they both follow the same generic steps to accomplish the company’s objectives. Internal recruitment involves employment of individuals who have previously worked with the firm and includes processes like transfers, promotions and reinstatement of former employees. On the other hand, external recruitment involves the firm employing individuals who have never worked in the firm again from numerous sources available in the market. Internal recruitment has the advantage of increasing employee productivity since recruits are already aware of internal mechanisms of the firm, and they do not need a long time to readjust after appointment. However, internal recruitments deny the firm the benefits of innovation that come from employing people who are unfamiliar with the firm. Therefore, even firms with robust employee training and development programs should occasion ally do external recruitments to enrich the quality and diversity of its human resources. Selection is the process that follows recruitment and involves the passing of the new recruits through rigorous tests and elimination processes to ensure that the firm employs individuals who are most suited for their jobs. Current and potential requirements of a position must be matched with the candidate that possesses the best knowledge, skill, ability, and other personal characteristics that would enable them to perform one’s duties effectively and efficiently. ... These individuals are more likely to be satisfied with their job, less likely to be absent from duty, and are motivated to do their best for the firm as long as the firm takes care of their welfare (Cooper, Robertson and Tinline, 2003). The selection process takes a considerable period since the firm wants to assess the suitability of the individual; however, it also gives the new employee time to identify the suitability of the firm’s strategic plan to personal objectives. For instance, a suitable candidate would not want to work for a firm that does not reflect their personal values. Therefore, as the firm eliminates recruits who are unsuitable to work in its system, individuals get to choose if they want to work with the firm, ensuring both are sure of the possible consequences of the venture without having to make prior commitments (Cooper, Robertson and Tinline, 2003). Task 2: Catering Manager Job Description Job title: Catering Manager Reporting to: Managing Director Sal ary: ?30,000 per annum Hours: Full time (average 40 hours per week) Location: Greenwich Park, London Purpose of the Position The catering manager will oversee, direct, and organize all the catering functions. They will ensure successful planning and smooth running of events, work with clients to ensure that events are completed successfully, and get feedback from clients for use in future planning processes. Finally, the catering manager will have the duty of ensuring that healthy and productive relationship exists between employees and various product providers. Duties and Responsibilities Responsibility 1: The catering manager should assist clients in arranging their events, and even suggest service providers for other services that the events may

Teaching and learning challenges and strategies Essay

Teaching and learning challenges and strategies - Essay Example Diversity is both a challenge and opportunity for a teacher. In a heterogeneous classroom, it is typical to encounter different personalities among children, and alongside with these differences is the challenge for the teacher to encourage them to learn. This difficult task is at times neglected by the teachers, thinking that their primary obligation is to teach, only. However, the real scenario contradicts this notion. Since real teaching cannot be employed without student participation, it is the teacher’s task to set her students in the class, in a way that they are motivated to listen and ready to learn. On the other hand, external and internal factors can hinder this process. Using published case studies, reports, books, and educational research, this paper will discuss the challenges of teachers in deploying effective teaching-learning activities and possible teaching strategies which may relieve the problem. Issues relating to the physical/neurological and social probl ems may cripple a child’s ability to learn; and while there is no common teaching strategy applicable to all learners, it is still the teacher’s task to inculcate learning amidst factors that can serve as an obstacle in fulfilling it, through innovation of the known strategies and its application to different learning situation. Part I: Challenges of Teachers in Employing Effective Learning Physiological and Neurological Factors to Hinder Successful Learning Process The cross-disciplinary approach to the learning environment envisions the utilization of real world situations to solve complex problems is called authentic learning (Lombardi, 2007, p. 2). The role of the teacher in the 21st century plan for authentic learning is generally as a â€Å"facilitator† wherein the traditional discussion type’s purpose is only to give a brief knowledge to the children about an information. The rest of the stages are subject to the exploratory activities of the learn ers (please see figure 3 of appendix C). However, finding relevance to activities in connection with reality may not seem to be an easy task for all types of learners. The proliferation of special education substantiated the tremendous change with regard to the treatment of the so-called â€Å"invisible minority,† otherwise known as the disabled population. The term evolved in the turn of modern thoughts which are undiscriminating to various physical and mental conditions as reference of social productiveness. Nowadays, the disabled are acceptably known as â€Å"special people.† In the matters of education, it has been a continuing challenge for teachers of children with special needs to assist learning, though they have taken the necessary, proper education and training needed. The challenge resides within the maxim of education which mentions about the uniqueness of each learner, much so with the uniqueness of learners belonging to the special group. It is therefore imperative that before contemplating on the professional and moral obligations of the teacher, one must be able to answer the several â€Å"why’s† concerning the situation of these children. In the United Kingdom, there are an estimated 1.5 million people who have learning disabilities (Mencap, n.d.), and they are categorized according to the specific condition they posses. However, a common trait existing regardless of categories is their difficulty of information processing. This difficulty is the reason why they are generally separated from the mainstream learning groups. Common conditions which are directly associated with special education is autism and ADHD, and although it is not considered as a â€Å"learning disability,† dyslexia suffers children and becomes a major problem for teachers, all at the same time. In the case of Autism Because of the lack of information regarding this condition, it is more convenient to define it with the corresponding chara cteristics seen from individuals having this disorder. Rudy (2009) defined autism as one of

The Amazon Smartphone Launches Tech's Costliest War Essay

The Amazon Smartphone Launches Tech's Costliest War - Essay Example Allen and was published on July 03, 2012 in Forbes. The above mentioned article is about a leadership based issue. The article refers to another article published in Vanity Fair and written by Kurt Eichenwald regarding Microsoft’s inability to keep a sustained pace of growth since 2000. It alludes to the fact that inept and destructive management techniques adapted by Microsoft are the core reason behind the company facing downfall in various areas it has attempted to enter, such as music, books and social networking among others. After witnessing the considerable fall of Microsoft, Kurt Eichenwald, the author himself interviewed employees of Microsoft to recognize the core reason behind such a scenario in the company. From the feedback, he has identified the problem of Microsoft. The primary problem is the functioning process where the employees had to vote forcefully in order to measure the certain mass of employees’ performance as top, good, average, and poor perform ers. Furthermore, the team of Microsoft that introduced a new idea of screen touch e-reader model was told by the Microsoft officials not to come up again with this kind of ideas but rather to work on the software development dimension which will bring more profit for the company. This has been a bane for the company in terms of behavior and practice of Microsoft officials, which discourage employees to introduce new innovative ideas further in future (Allen). After reviewing the article, it is assumed that Microsoft has been incorporating poor management practices as well as unfavorable organizational structure, for which the functionality and the performance of...The above mentioned article is about a leadership based issue. The article refers to another article published in Vanity Fair and written by Kurt Eichenwald regarding Microsoft’s inability to keep a sustained pace of growth since 2000. It alludes to the fact that inept and destructive management techniques adapted by Microsoft are the core reason behind the company facing downfall in various areas it has attempted to enter, such as music, books and social networking among others. After witnessing the considerable fall of Microsoft, Kurt Eichenwald, the author himself interviewed employees of Microsoft to recognize the core reason behind such a scenario in the company. From the feedback, he has identified the problem of Microsoft. The primary problem is the functioning process where the employees had to vote forcefully in order to measure the certain mass of employees’ performance as top, good, average, and poor performers. Furthermore, the team of Microsoft that introduced a new idea of screen touch e-reader model was told by the Microsoft officials not to come up again with this kind of ideas but rather to work on the software development dimension which will bring more profit for the company. This has been a bane for the company in terms of behavior and practice of Microsoft official s, which discourage employees to introduce new innovative ideas further in future. The organizational structure can be defined as the schedule made by the top management for running the operational processes smoothly and systematically in order to achieve the fundamental objectives.

Critically discuss the ways in which technology has made globalization Essay

Critically discuss the ways in which technology has made globalization possible - Essay Example Therefore we can integration perspective to define globalization as a process of integration, which can take international form depending with the stakeholders and the purpose of integration, which arises from interchange and/or exchange of ideas, views and aspects of culture and socialization, products and the holistic human development in relation to the external world (Boudreaux, 2008, 2). Technology on the other hand can be defined as implementation of an idea, thought or invention in the process of making, modifying and using of techniques in relation to knowledge of tools and machines in order to solve a prevailing problem or condition. Technology seeks to improve existing tools, crafts or machines to a new set of efficient ones; systematically analyse the methods of organization to achieve a certain predefined goal, and/ or evaluate an applied input/ output model relations in order to perform a specific function (Macintosh, 2011, 4). The diversity of human knowledge and the ne ed to solve emerging issues in daily activities has necessitated techno-progressivism, a stance of active support for the convergence of technological change in a bid to merge it with socio-economic changes. In addition the need by the human species to convert natural resources into simple tools and applications was followed by the innovations and critical thinking that was necessitated by the need for â€Å"leisure class† and to control the environment that one is in. From this we can deduce that globalization has been propagated by the need to human species to understand; control, comprehend, integrate and to some point analyse the external environment with an aim of being part of it. In this paper we shall critically analyse the ways in which inventions, innovations and technological/industrial revolutions have made globalization possible; evaluation of its impacts on cultures and cultural exchange, international trade, health, and global workforce, and evaluate drawbacks of technology. Innovations and Industrial Revolution Industrial revolution in this sense can be viewed in form of rate at which innovations in science and technology have helped in transition to new manufacturing processes; mechanization of traditional methods of production from manual to machinery, the effects of global output as a result of this increased productivity, and the analysis of major turning points in our daily activities. For instance, innovations to improved efficiency of water power and new chemical manufacturing in industries have improved textile production, improved economies of scale in blast furnaces in smelting and production of iron related commodities through substitution of coke by coal which is cheaper and more effective, and advancement from steam engines to petro-driven and atomic energy sources that have revolutionized industrial operations. This has led to increase in output due to economies of scale, increased profitability and expansion of firms which has necessitated international trade; a prerequisite for integration and globalization through exchange of ideas, goods and skills across nations. Technology and Communication As discussed earlier, globalization involves exchange of ideas,

Story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Story - Assignment Example He remembered clearly the summer day when the first case was reported – he was hanging out in his favorite rock bar with Tony, his best friend (in college, they used to dream of rock career, playing KISS and AC/DC covers) and a talented biology teacher at the local school. It was Sunday – and sun was literally scorching that day indeed – and they decided to get a refresh. An urgent phone call from the same guy, Jake, interrupted Jonathan’s leisure: a female body was found in the park, bearing traces of violent murder. Limbs covered with bruises, marks of stifling and†¦ a lily sticking up from her mouth. The town was staggered by this blatant and odd crime, yet the motives weren’t clear. Until the following cases of the same nature did arrange this horror into a logical sequence. Jonathan made a cup of cheap instant coffee – Iris always made delicious drip coffee, adding a drop of rum syrup into it, but he himself was too lazy and exhausted those days. Probably, he was reluctant to do that not only because of listlessness, but even more because of that overwhelming uneasy feeling that tortured him every time he thought of their â€Å"used-to-be† happy marriage and the way it all corrupted. Having slipped on Levi’s jeans and fished a clean shirt out of the wardrobe, Jonathan sat down on a couch and began looking through newspaper clippings arranged carefully in the chronological order. The first one, dated June, 11, said: Jonathan kept skimming through the clippings. The picture was daunting: once in ten days beginning with the 10th of June one young woman was violently murdered – either stifled or stubbed with a knife, and every time a flower was put into her mouth as if a murderer wanted to celebrate her beauty for the last time. Despite his experience, Blade hadn’t encountered anything like this before, yet he was rather decisive in his intention to clarify the case and bring the serial killer to

Discussion Question for Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince Essay

Discussion Question for Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince - Essay Example He himself was made subject to this, when he lost his position in 1512 in the hands of the Medici Family. All these real life experiences led Machiavelli to write â€Å"The Prince† which at first was criticized for being cruel, but later, it was appreciated for all the theories and guidelines of warfare and politics. He easily finished the old norms of ruling the people and brought about a completely new way to run an empire, city or state. In the beginning of the book, Machiavelli very cleverly identifies his readers with the terms and policies that he will be using further in the book. The initial chapters are simple and they give the reader an easy introduction into the world of Machiavelli: one that exists on the hard work and effort of the ruler himself and has nothing to do with Divine Interference or whatsoever. Niccolo’s ideas become very clear initially when he clearly explains the idea of maintaining a new principality is better than governing a hereditary sta te. He argues that inheriting power and position means that one has to keep up with people’s expectations to make their life better. However, it is much easier to govern an entirely new principality where people care less if their lives are not fidgeted with. His brutal and cruel nature is depicted through the idea of killing the former Prince’s family to keep control. ... And if his successors had been united they would have enjoyed it securely and at their ease, for there were no tumults raised in the kingdom except those they provoked themselves.† Cold hearted and cold blooded, Niccolo believed that the power stays with you only if you are ready to go to any extents possible. As the book proceeds, the typical Machiavellian thoughts shine. As the adjective suggests, his name is used as a synonym for treachery, cruelty and oppression. Hence, the book starts on with why and how a prince should really act and rule. To put it in simple words, the people of the state do not matter to Niccolo at all. For him it only matters that the Prince, the ruler has faith in him and then there is nothing else that will keep him out of power. â€Å"But to come to those who, by their own ability and not through fortune, have risen to be princes, I say that Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, Theseus, and such like are the most excellent examples†. Contradictory to Ancie nt theory, that rulers were sent with Divine help and that they have to be obeyed at any cost, Niccolo was with the view, that a person, himself is responsible for his throne and no one else, even not the people. Though he does not put aside the idea of a common man’s support, it is just an element or a step to the throne rather than the route itself. He is very clear about his ideology that rulers rule because they believe in their strength and they work hard for it. And working hard, for him meant oppression, brutality and cruelty. Machiavelli moves on to present an argument that ignores the question of right and wrong. He acknowledges the use of crime and cruelty in establishing power, and stresses on extreme cruelty if need rises. However, he suggests limiting the time period of cruelty so

Political Discourse Essay Example for Free

Political Discourse Essay Political incivility has been around for a very long time. According to the article â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Nasty Politics in America†, a number of studies have been conducted to prove that politics has always been â€Å"a bit rough†. Many people in and out of the political world are agreeing that politics these days have turned in to a horrible cycle. Politics today involves nasty language about fellow members families, angry protests and violent outbursts. Sometimes racial slurs and discrimination is also involved in bringing down your opponent. Furthermore, political incivility has caused a variety of problems in American politics throughout the years. Knowing this, what are some of the things that can be done to help increase political civility? Political incivility has caused a variety of problems in the political process. Politics today is often biased based off of the partisan media and views of opposing sides of various parties. According to the article â€Å"What Is Civil Engagement Argument and Why Does Aspiring to It Matter? † the partisan media only shares those facts that are inconvenient to their opponents, engage emotion, and replace argument with ridicule causing many of the listeners or viewers to have angry views of the policies on the opposing side. Allowing the partisan media to be broadcasted for Americans to see causes outrage and incivility in the world around us. This brings me to my next point where the violence in the political world is getting out of control. The violence that occurs includes both physical and emotional attacks by the opposing parties. For example, the district office of a Georgia representative was defaced with a swastika, and the lawmaker, who happens to be African American, has been the recipient of racist hate mail (Shea and Sproveri, 417). There have also been many other instances where racial violence was used including during the final health-care reform meetings. A lot of the protesters yelled out racial slurs at the African American members of Congress. Also during this time one of the legislators was spat on while entering the Capitol Building to cast his vote (Shea and Sproveri, 417). This type of violence causes politicians to lack the motivation to run for office. Olympia Snowe, a former Senate member, finds it very frustrating that the atmosphere of polarization and the â€Å"my way or the highway† ideologies has become persuasive in campaigns and in our governing institutions (Maisel, 408). She is resigning from office and decided not to run for her forth term in office. Other politicians are afraid of ridicule about their families and therefore will not be running for office any longer. Another reason that political discourse is harming the American political process is it is influencing the ability of govern. â€Å"Incivility leads to an inability to govern and, therefore, more can be done in other areas† (Maisel, 408). The inability to govern leads the government officials to detach from politics and take interest in other areas. Also, politicians in today’s era have only one thing on their mind and that is to win. They do not care about the common good or the similar believes of the opposing parties. All they want to do is finish on top. This situation is causing the president and other officials to lack the ability to pass laws that may benefit the whole population. â€Å"According to NBC News-Wall Street Journal poll conducted in the fall of 2011, more than four out of five voters felt that the Congress’s decisions on the debt ceiling were decisions made for partisan political advantages† (Maisel, 408). This is problematic because it brings other officials to not want to run for office and for the population to be dissatisfied with the whole system of government. This can lead to outburst and protests by the people of the nation. So, what is the best way to increase civility in American politics? First, we can follow the ways of the people during the World War II period where partisan differences still existed but at the end of the day the government officials went back to their families where their wives and children were interacting with the wives and children of those with whom they had been debating with (Maisel, 409). In those times, the politicians worked together for one cause, which was to be united and progress with the well being of the nation. That is what the politicians in today’s world need to realize. The politicians in that era had certain rules they needed to abide by like they had to treat others involved with respect and civility. They also relied strictly on truth and not on the fact that they need to win no matter what the consequences to the nation are. This seems to be one of the biggest problems that the American politics has today. The US House of Representatives has it’s own set of rules that ensure that there is civility. The Congress has a set of rules that ensure that the disagreements in Congress are purely philosophical but not personal and that their views are legitimate even if they are wrong (Jamieson and Hardy, 412). This is exactly the type of rules that need to be set for regular debates and this will ensure that the members do not over step those boundaries. The House makes sure that the members do not call each other bad names or over step any boundaries that may cause them to lie. They are not even allowed to call their fellow members hypocritical even if they are being hypocritical. Their understanding is that each side needs to be heard and then they will come up with a compromise to make both parties accept it. In conclusion, the political incivility going on today is effecting the government in ways unimaginable. Politicians are not willing to run for office because of their fear of having their families or themselves ridiculed and talked about in an inappropriate manner, there is a big increase in violence during debates and the politicians of today are only focused on winning and not on the benefit of the greater good. There is a lot that needs to be improved before there could be any type of change in the political world. The government needs to set a variety of rules for debates just like the House of Representatives or the Senate has that will set a limit to the type of things the politicians can say to each other. This will minimize the political discourse today and help new politicians accomplish more and help the nation prosper in the future.

Virginia Woolf | A Modernist Perspective

Virginia Woolf | A Modernist Perspective Virginia Woolfs novels incorporate the quintessential elements of the modern experience. I will explore the literary expression of these characteristics in relation to three of Woolfs novels: Mrs Dalloway, The Waves and To the Light House. Firstly, I will analyse the modernist perspective in relation to form, narrative technique, structural dynamic, gender etc. I will also investigate Woolfs materialization of time and how its constant reflections on the past incorporate a manifestation with the progression of actuality. I will also deconstruct the thematic ideologies envisioned in Woolfs texts and relate them to the exhibition of contemporary being. This part of the dissertation will focus centrally on the technical and modernist aspects of Woolfs writings The second part of the thesis will conceptualize the sociological and political background of Woolfs narratives. I will unravel the historical constructions and implications of her compositions. I will explore the concrete reality and the space that occupies the fictional fabrications of her novels. I will analyse Woolfs encapsulation of the city as a medium that shapes and conceptualizes aesthetic experience. I will explore her representations of the urban landscape and social environment and relate them to the theoretical investigations promulgated by critical interpretations of the metropolis. I will also analyze Woolfs exhibition of the city as a transitionary space in which sociological models are deconstructed and materialized. 3) Structure Introduction: Woolf as the quintessential modernist. This particular chapter will explore the general interpretations and influences of the modernist writer. It will offer an overview and introduction of Woolfs works. I will explore Woolfs idiosyncratic depictions of reality and how this complex process became the central preoccupations of the 19th century modernist writer. I will also deconstruct the radical innovations of the modernist experience and how these cultural, political, economical and historical productions destabilized the conventional constructs of actuality. Chapter 1: Past as a continuous presence, literary experiments with time: the experience of linear temporality and contemporary being in Virginia Woolfs novels. In this chapter I will analyze the influential dynamic of the past and how its materialization can formulate contemporary moments of temporality. I will particularly examine Mrs Dalloway. I will investigate the modernist production and representations of psychological and impersonal time. This chapter will incorporate a variety of critical theorist such as Henri Bergson and how his theoretical implications and materializations of time had consequential implications on the modernist aesthetic. Chapter 2: Experimental perspectives: the exploration of modern representations of the unconscious in Virginia Woolfs The Waves. This chapter will incorporate an exploration of the subjective experience presented in Woolfs narrative. I will investigate the exposition of Woolfs stream of consciousness technique and its consequential implications on the aspects and productions of the modernist experience. Chapter 3: Historical representations: a panoramic view of class and social structure in Woolfs Mrs Dalloway I will explore the social dynamic of Woolfs novels in this third chapter. I hope to encapsulate an entire perspective and viewpoint of the social world of Woolfs narratives. I will explore the social relationships that are represented in the text in particular in Mrs Dalloway. Chapter 4: The City as an aesthetic experience: metropolitan modernity in Woolfs novels. In this chapter I will incorporate an intense investigation on the depiction of the urban landscape displayed in Woolfs novels. I will uncover the aesthetic perspectives of the metropolis and consider its dynamic as a fluctuating and transformative space. I will also examine the different forms in which she presents the city as an aesthetic, irresolute and wavering experience. Chapter 5: A feminist critique: understanding Woolfs perspective. This particular chapter will offer an exploration on Woolfs representations and constructions of gender relations. I will also investigate the depictions of gender stereotypes in relation to class division and structure. Working Bibliography Ayers, David, Modernism: A Short Introduction. Blackwell, 2004. Print. Black, N. Virginia Woolf as feminist. Cornell University Press, 2004 Bradbury, Malcolm James McFarlane, eds. Modernism: 1830-1930. Penguin, 1976. Print. Bridge, Gary Sophie Watson. The Blackwell City Reader. Blackwell, 2002. Print. Briggs, J. Reading Virginia Woolf. Edinburgh University Press, 2006. Print. Brooker, Peter. Geographies of Modernism. Routledge, 2005. Print. Coverley, Merlin, London Writing. Pocket Essentials, 2005. Print. Cuddy-Keane, Melba, Virginia Woolf, the Intellectual, and the Public Sphere. Cambridge UP, 2003.Print. De Certeau. Michel, The Practice of Everyday Life. California UP, 1988. Print. DeBord, Guy, The Society of the Spectacle. Rebel Press, 1992. Print. Dettmar, Kevin. Rereading the new: a backward glance at modernism. University of Michigan Press, 1992. Print Eysteinsson, Astradur. The Concept of Modernism. Cornell UP, 1990. Print. Faulkner, Peter, Modernism. Routledge, 1990. Print. Froula, Christine, Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Avant-Garde: War, Civilization, Modernity . Columbia UP, 2005. Print. Goldman, J. The feminist aesthetics of Virginia Woolf: modernism, post-impressionism and the politics of the visual. University Press, 2001. Print. Goldman, Jane, Modernism, 1910-1945: Image to Apocalypse. Palgrave, 2003.Print. Goldman, Jane, The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf .Cambridge U P, 2006. Print. Hanson, Clare, Virginia Woolf . Macmillan, 1994. Print Humm, M. Modernist women and visual cultures: Virginia Woolf, Vanessa Bell, photography, and cinema. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Print. Kern, Stephen, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918. Harvard UP, 1983. Print. Kolocotroni, Vassili et al (eds), Modernism: An Anthology. Edinburgh UP, 1998. Print. Lee, Hermione, Virginia Woolf . Chatto and Windus, 1996. Print. Lee, Hermoine. The novels of Virginia Woolf. Taylor Francis, 1977. Print. Lefebvre, Henri, The Production of Space. Blackwell, 1991. Print. Levenson, Michael, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Modernism. Cambridge UP, 1998. Matz, Jesse. The modern novel: a short introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Print. Nicholls, Peter, Modernisms: A Literary Guide. Macmillan, 1995. Print. Olsen, Donald J., The City as a Work of Art .Yale UP, 1986. Print. Rainey, Lawrence, Modernism: An Anthology . Blackwell, 2005.Print. Scott, Bonnie Kime.,ed. The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology . Indiana UP, 1990. Print. Squier, Susan Merrill, Virginia Woolf and London: The Sexual Politics of the City. North Carolina UP, 1985. Print. Stevenson, R. Modernist fiction: an introduction. University Press of Kentucky, 1992. Print. Weston, Richard, Modernism. Phaidon, 1996.Print. Whitworth, Michael. H. Virginia Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Williams, Raymond, The Politics of Modernism. Verso, 1989. Print. Wilson, Jean Moorcroft, Virginia Woolf: Life and London. Woolf, 1987. Print. Wolfreys, Julian, Writing London: Materiality, Memory, Spectrality, Vol.2. Palgrave, 2004. Print. Woolf, Virginia. To the lighthouse. Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Woolf, Virginia. Mrs Dalloway. Penguin Woolf, Virginia. The Waves. Collectors library, 2003. Zwerdling, Alex. Virginia Woolf and the Real World.University of California Press, 1987. Print. Articles Abbott H. P. Character and Modernism: Reading Woolf Writing Woolf New Literary History, 24.2, Reconsiderations (Spring, 1993): 393-405 Banfield, Ann. Time Passes: Virginia Woolf, Post-Impressionism, and Cambridge Time Poetics Today, 24. 3, Theory and History of Narrative (2003): 471-516 Brian Phillips Reality and Virginia Woolf Reality and Virginia Woolf The Hudson Review, 56.3 (2003): 415-430 King, James. Review: Wallowing in Woolf Molly HiteReviewed work(s): Virginia Woolf The Womens Review of Books,13.2 (1995): 5-6 Paul Tolliver Brown Relativity, Quantum Physics, and Consciousness in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse Journal of Modern LiteratureHYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/journal_of_modern_literature/toc/jml.32.3.html, 32.3. (2HYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/journal_of_modern_literature/toc/jml.32.3.html009):39-62 Pawlowski, Merry M. Virginia Woolfs Veil: The Feminist Intellectual and the Organization of Public Space MFS Modern Fiction StudiesHYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs53.4.html, 53. 4. (HYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs53.4.html2007): 722-751. Seshagiri, Urmila. Orienting Virginia Woolf: Race, Aesthetics, and Politics in To the Lighthouse. MFS Modern Fiction StudiesHYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs50.1.html, 50.1. (HYPERLINK http://muse.jhu.edu.eproxy.ucd.ie/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs50.1.html2004) 58-84 Taylor, Chloe .Kristevan Themes in Virginia WoolfHYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullTextHYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullTexts HYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullTextHYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullTextThe WavesHYPERLINK http://www.jstor.org.eproxy.ucd.ie/stable/3831688?Search=yessearchText=woolfsearchText=virginialist=hidesearchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=virginia+woolfacc=onwc=onprevSearch=item=3ttl=15185returnArticleService=showFullText . Journal of Modern Literature, 29.3 (2006): 57-77

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory of Nursing

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory of Nursing Around the world Madeline Leininger is considered the founder of the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and also for the discovery of the research method known as enthonursing or transcultural nursing. She was the first nurse to theorize about human care from a worldview rather than the usual medical view. She is a creative, innovative, and visionary editor and author of 22 books, 265 articles, and 40 chapters focused on transcultural nursing and human care phenomena (Cohen). Leininger is a United States-born anthropologist in which she incorporated her knowledge and expertise in anthropology to her practice in nursing to create an idea that would greatly influence the way in which nurses cared for their clients as well as develop a sense of self-awareness. In 1948, Leininger first received a diploma from St. Anthonys Hospital School of Nursing in Denver, Colorado which qualified her as a registered nurse. She quickly moved on to receive a bachelors degree in biological science and soon thereafter earned masters degree in psychiatric nursing. Finally, she was the first nurse in history to study at a doctorate level and receive a PhD in cultural and social anthropology. She applied her roots in anthropology to provide nursing with a way to study caring while taking into account peoples culture, beliefs, patterns, and values to provide culturally sensitive and congruent care to every patient (McCance, McKenna, Boore). By the 1950s, Leininger began to formulate writings on nursing practice with a primary focus on caring and transcultural awareness (Cohen). In the late 1980s, Leiningers writings on her theory of transcultural nursing and cultural care were published in her Journal of Transcultural Nursing in which Leininger defined caring as the essence and central domain of nursing practice(Cohen). The intention of this publication was to share scholarly work among nurses and others with an interest to incorporate transcultural nursing knowledge into their scope of practice. Her published theory states that caring is the central and unifying domain for the body of knowledge and practices in nursing (Leininger). Globally, she is considered one of nursings most prolific writers. Leiningers theory of transcultural care is significant and unique in the fact that it is the sole theory that focuses on cooperative care that takes into consideration all cultures around the world (Cohen). It is predicted by the U.S. Census Bureau, that by 2042, no single racial-ethnic group will hold a majority population position, and more than half of Americans will be members of a minority group (Varcarolis 2010). In a time when the world is growing smaller and our society is encompassing and adopting more and more diverse cultures, it is imperative that nurses are competent in the ability to give culturally congruent care to patients in all healthcare settings. According to an article on global leadership in transcultural practice, education, and research by Margaret Andrews, Leininger has identified three key historical phases in the process of her development of the transcultural theory of nursing, according to one of her articles called The Evolution of Transcultural nursing with Breakthroughs to Discipline Status (2007). These phases serve to outline the development of transcultural nursing. During the first phase (1955-1975): Establishing the Field of Transcultural Nursing, Leininger acknowledged the relationships between nursing and anthropology, but kept a focus on nursing and the benefits of having a theory (Andrews). During the second phase (1975-1983): Program and Research Expansion for Transcultural Nursing, increasing amounts of nurses became interested in the valuable contribution of transcultural nursing around the world. And lastly the third phase (1983-present): Establishing Transcultural Nursing Worldwide, is the period dur ing which transcultural nursings global agenda is the primary focus. It all began when Leininger was working as a psychiatric clinical nurse specialist in a child guidance home in the 1950s when she experienced the unfamiliar feeling of culture shock. While at the guidance home she worked with children of various cultural backgrounds. She began to notice a lack of understanding amongst herself and the staff about how the childrens cultural backgrounds where influencing their behavior. From this, she came to the conclusion that caring is the central unit to nursing and being culturally competent is vital in order to deliver care to patients. She then began to develop strategies that would help the staff to incorporate congruent care to children with diverse cultures, patterns, and ways of life by developing a worldview and incorporating it into their technique. In the early 1960s, as a part of her doctoral studies in cultural anthropology at the University of Washington, Leininger decided to reside with the people of New Guinea, in which no one had any familiarity, in order to further study this new idea of culturally based interventions (Cohen). She established herself in Gadsup, New Guinea for two years in which she opened her eyes to the values, world views, and beliefs about the health and illness of the villages and how they were crucial in delivering appropriate healthcare. When Leininger arrived in Gadsup she was baffled at how completely different their world was from the one she left behind and she knew that the unfamiliarity would pose a tremendous challenge to her studies. However, Leiningers eagerness to study the meaning of healthcare to these people and how it influenced their wellbeing lead her to adapt and provide specific care that would be beneficial to people and families who were ill. Leininger believed that culture was universal framework to how people solve their problems. The experiences she encountered during her visit in Gadsup sprung the idea that beliefs about health and healthcare are imbedded in the values of the person or persons receiving the care and the understanding of these values and beliefs are critical for interventions to be successful in allowing the patient to heal and be cured. Transcultural nursing with a focus on caring must become the dominant focus of all areas of nursing. It is holistic and the most complete and creative way to help people (Leininger, 1981:5). A key factor that she derived from her experience was her newly discovered research method that she referred to as ethnonursing. The central idea of the enthnonurisng research method was to establish a naturalistic and largely emic method to study phenomena especially related to her culture care diversity and universality theory (Leininger McFarland). The terms Emic and Etic are used widely by anthropologists to re fer to the way in which observations are viewed. The term etic refers to the behavior or belief of the observer of the culture. The term emic refers to the view from the person within the culture and this view is has largest influence on Leiningers studies considering that her work was centered on the patients views in order to meet and understand concepts that were indigenous to them. Leininger applied ethnonursing for the study and analysis of the local or indigenous peoples viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care phenomena and the processes of designated cultures. She formulated this concept to take into account that nurses do not usually have the time to study the entity of peoples lifeways and interests, but that care is more geared toward the health patterns and phenomena. In an article written by McCance, McKenna, and Boore, a practical application of Leiningers theory was conducted by Barry Kronk in 1993. The purposed of this study was to gain knowledge of the culture of a group of Guatemalan refugees who fled to the United States due to political unrest, extreme poverty, and persecution. The refugees major barrier to congruent care was the language barrier that disabled the caregivers to provide culturally congruent care due to being unable to communicate the refugees cultural preferences. The knowledge that needed to be acquired of their culture included concept of health, health care beliefs, caring behaviors, and barriers to health care. In order to acquire these concepts the health care providers used methods of data collection such as observing, interviewing, life history, photography, and participating with the people in their own environment. When using these methods, Barry Kronk, were able to gather findings of the refugees such a kinship and social factors, educational factors, religious and political factors, traditional factors, belief factors, economic factors, and previous health care factors. When applying Leiningers transcultural care theory and diagnostic tools, Barry Kronk were able to provide a number of recommendations for the refugees in order to provide care. This study also conveys another concept that is unique to Leiningers theory in which the focus of caring may transcend the individual and focus on families, society, or communities as a client (Cohen 1992). Sometimes, culturally competent care cannot be focused on the person as central to nursing because in many cultures, such as those of Eastern or Indigenous cultures, the term person or self does not linguistically exist (Cohen 1992). In these cultures it is not uncommon to see that the concept of a clients health illness is due to a lack balance or harmony within their community or tribe. Madeleine Leiningers culture care theory suggested three modes in which to facilitate nursing actions, judgments, and interventions to meet the heathcare needs of their patients in a culturally sensitive and congruent manner. The three modes of care were: preservation/maintenance, accommodation/negotiation, and repatterning/restructuring. Cultural preservation or maintenance refers to nursing care interventions that help clients of particular cultures to retain and preserve cultural care values when providing healthcare. Cultural care accommodation or negotiation refers to creative and innovative nursing actions that help people of different cultures adapt or negotiate with others in order to attain a goal of optimal health outcomes suitable to the clients culture whether it be an individual, a family, or a community. Cultural care repatterning or restructuring refers to the therapeutic actions taken by the culturally competent nurse that enable the client to modify personal health b ehavior to achieve beneficial outcomes while respecting the cultural values of the client . These assumptions are the philosophical basis in which Leininger has used to add meaning, depth, and clarity to the overall focus of culturally competent care. Visual aid to her theory: sunrise It is amazing what some women and men dare to do with their ideas in many places in the world. Creative thinking and actions are what the world needs most. Transcultural nursing has been an example of these attributes. While taking new actions may be troublesome to some people, yet new actions and new ideas can lead to a wealth of new knowledge and new ways to serve people. Transcultural nurses have taken such actions and are transforming nursing and health care in many places in the world (Leininger).

Interpretive Richness of Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony Essay -- Silko

The interpretative richness of Silko’s Ceremony Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony is the extraordinary tale of Tayo, a mixed-blood Native American in his long quest to cure the suffering that afflicts him and his people. The novel is complex enough that it can be interpreted in the context of starkly different paradigms, each highlighting important facets of the story. For instance, in the article â€Å"Feminine perspectives at Laguna Pueblo: Silko’s Ceremony,† Edith Swan offers a (symbolic) analysis of the plethora of important female characters in the novel that is based on a deliberately unicultural, Laguna worldview on the grounds that â€Å"[...] western presumptions must be set aside so that they do not adversely bias or manipulate tribal structures of meaning. Native premises must be allowed to stand on their own terms† (309). On the other hand, Dennis Cutchins, in his article â€Å"‘So that the nations may become genuine Indian’: Nativism and Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony† advocates a politico-historical interpretation of the novel as a reaction against the overwhelming influence of Western civilization on Native American culture. This reaction, Cutchins argues, takes the form of a â€Å"revision† of history for the purpose of removing the Western influence and adapting ancient traditions to better serve the needs of the present, thus resolving the conflict between the two cultures. Cutchins’ interpretation therefore, is multicultural, focussing on the historical relationship between Western and Native American cultures and providing a paradigm (namely, nativism) that helps put it all in perspective. By utilizing divergent paradigms in interpreting Ceremony, Swan and Cutchins both succeed in highlighting the many fascinating... ...nse in the context of the outside world and the history of the Native American people. The differing theses however, do not contradict each other. Rather, they complement each other by providing a more complete picture through the simultaneous consideration of socio-cultural as well as politico-historical perspectives of the novel. 7 Works Cited Cutchins, Dennis. â€Å"‘So that the nations may become genuine Indian’: Nativism and Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony.† Journal of American Culture 22.4 (1 Dec. 1999): not paginated. Silko, Leslie Marmon. Ceremony. New York: Penguin, 1977. Swan, Edith. â€Å"Feminine Perspectives at Laguna Pueblo: Silko’s Ceremony.† Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 11.2 (Autumn, 1992): 309-328. Work cited from within Swan, Edith: Allen, Paula Gunn. â€Å"The Psychological Landscape of Ceremony.† American Indian Quarterly. 5.1 (1979): 12. 8

Dylan Thomas Poems of 1933 Essay -- Dylan Thomas Poets Poetry Languag

Dylan Thomas' Poems of 1933 Show how, in his poems of 1933, Dylan Thomas uses language and poetic form to explore both his own metaphysical viewpoint and his position as a poet in relation to the rest of society. In this essay I will look at how Dylan Thomas uses language and poetic form to explore his own metaphysical viewpoint and his position as a poet in relation to the rest of society. I will begin by looking at and analysing the poems that explore DT’s metaphysical ideas. In this part of my analysis I will be analysing relevant parts of the following poems; ‘The force that through the green fuse’, ‘And death shall have no dominion’ and ‘Why east wind chills’. ==================================================================== From reading the first poem ‘The force that through the green fuse’ I see the image of life being the ‘force’ and living things are the ‘fuses’. I think that what DT is trying to say is that life is a continual cycle and never stops, it is only the physical elements which the ‘force’ must possess to become life that are the restriction to the flowing and continual cycle. I think the key lexis here is ‘fuse’; the word fuse has many different connotations within the context of this poem (also note that the fuse is green – a further connection with nature and natural things). One such meaning that could be derived from it is that of a fuse used in an electrical socket. This kind of fuse breaks if there is too much current flowing through at once. On the other hand the word fuse can also means to join together, to combine. So, the force that combines human kind and nature as one is at the same time the force that divides us and prevents us from understanding why we exist.... ... nature in order to create bead and wine for Holy Communion. This is show in line 10 ‘Man broke the sun, pulled the wind down’ the word ‘sun’ could also be a pun for son – Jesus. In the last stanza the reader is addressed directly ‘you’, bringing them into the poem and allowing them to see what damage man is causing. He reminds them that he too is a part of nature, which seems to suggest that his destruction is an inevitable part of his purpose on earth. Overall I feel that these poems give a representation of DT’s position as a poet in relation to the rest of society. I feel that he is trying to say that, as a poet, he is isolated from the rest of civilisation and that it is his job to help readers see the falseness of society and persuade them to not change it, but realise the illusion and appreciate the wonders of nature and all natural things.

Women and Social Change in Harper Lee

Heaper Lee's ‘To Kill A Mockingbird' was first published in the sass's which was an era famous for radical change in the United States both culturally and politically as bit by bit both women and African Americans were gaining power In a society predominantly governed by rich, white men. ‘To Kill A Mockingbird' can almost be regarded as a form of propaganda In favor of women's rights as well as those of the African American community. Although things were changing, Harper Lee still needed to be careful as to how she got her message across.Cleverly, she manages to get way with the things she says, using the medium of fictional characters, such as Miss Maude or California, and more Importantly Innocent children, for example Scout, In order to give the novel a sense of realism however, there are many characters who do not advocate this type of social change such as the Lowell family or, In some aspects, Aunt Alexandra. In a sense, Scout is essentially the personification of the social change to come and a model society.Her naivety due mostly to her youth enables her to interact with the community without prejudice. When Gem recounts to Scout what he thinks about the efferent social classes in Macomb, discriminating between ‘regular' people and the Negroes', Scout responds with, â€Å"Ana, Gem, I think there's Just one kind of folks. Folks. † Although neither she nor Gem realism it this is a deeply profound quote because in it's simplest form she is saying that everybody is equal.Although brushed off by most adults in ;To Kill A Mockingbird' as immaturity, Scout's thoughts could be viewed as a form of maturity because, unlike many key members of the community, she does not worry about inconsequential and superficial matters such as sex or race but connives their attitude and their character. Scout also has a very inquisitive mind and unlike most children her age, she does not simply blindly agree with tradition, she questions everything she is told and everything she does.It is likely that a lot of these qualities come from the role models in her life including Miss Maude and California. When it comes to being a role model for Scout and Gem, Miss Maude Is the perfect woman to look up to. More importantly for Scout because as she lost her mother, she needs a positive female in her life to aspire to. Miss Maude Is Gem and Scout's favorite adult among the community because she treats everyone she meets with respect unless they give her a reason not to.This respect extends even to children and members of the black community. She explains to Scout what Attic's meant when he said it was a sin to kill a mockingbird, â€Å"Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy†¦ That's why It Is a sin to kill a mockingbird†. She Is very alike to Attic's and holds similar principles and views on how society should be. In developing the mockingbird metaphor, she helps Scout to learn about what Is eight and w hat Is wrong. With the loss of their mother at a young age, It Is up to discipline the children.She is especially important for Scout because, being a girl, she needs a female role model to look up to and emulate. With Attic's being particularly laid back it is California who reprimands the children when they do wrong. She provides discipline and support for Scout which are both important aspects of a child's life. In the book Scout describes California showing affection towards her; ‘California bent down and kissed me. I ran along, wondering what had come over her'. This exemplifies the love California offers the children as well as all the discipline even if Scout fails to recognize it.It is also important that the children experience the African American culture in order to fully understand who these people are and the injustice they have been through. With this in mind, California takes Scout and Gem to her church on what could be represented as an educational trip. Cal ta kes them there to show them first hand what the black community is really like in Macomb as oppose to the negative stories and rumors the children have probably heard from their friends. Another important influence in Scout's life and on the community is Aunt Alexandra.However, her effect on Scout's life can be regarded as slightly negative as her social standpoint and beliefs are almost completely opposite as to those of which Attic's shares with Miss Maude. Aunt Alexandra is a fiercely traditional and family orientated. She represents Macomb's conservative society which is based strongly around an unjust social hierarchy. Her traditional views often lead to arguments between her and Scout. For instance when Scout asks Aunt Alexandra why she wont allow her to go and play with Walter she replies eternal, â€Å"Because-?he-?is-?trash, that's why you can't play with him.I'll not have you around him, picking up his habits and learning Lord-knows-what†. She is so caught up in the superficial image of her family that she won't even let children of two separate social classes play together. This causes Scout to dislike her Aunt as throughout her entire life she had been taught by Attic's and her other female role models to respect everyone and treat them as equals. Although often forgotten about in history, women play an increasingly important role in all our lives.Although any of Macomb community's women choose to abstain from making an impact on society a small few such as Miss Maude decide to make a difference. They do this by influencing the future generations and educating them so as to enable them to do more in life. There are many people in Macomb that influence society but in particular that influence Scout. Some positively and some negatively. Each person contributes to her wealth of knowledge, however, in the end, it is up to Scout and the rest of her generation to form their own opinion and change society and the way things are for women.

Contemporary Chinese female art and artists Essay

ente setIn the 1990s, chinawargon adopted occidental womens lib and it mildewd and quick raised the Chinese womens liberation transportment creationion. in that location were legion(predicate) themes of st mount up centraliseed on feminine wile and fe potent machinationists, an example of this is the Chinese Women finesse Exhibition1Chinese Women fraud Exhibition in 1998, the Frauen m determinationum (Womens M drug abuseum), Bonn, Ger many an(prenominal) -, , , , 25. in 1998 and the Century pistillate ruseistic creation Exhibition2Century Fe antheral Art Exhibition in 1998, the mainland chinaw atomic number 18 National Art G eachery, Beijing, chinawargon ,, ,,,(),(),(),().(,,,,) (,,,,) (,,,,) in 1998. Only distaff maneuveristic production puddleists could checkicipate in this category of machination deed exhibition. Although the exhibitions r eveningaled the importance of women subterfuge in innovational Chinese finesse, thither was no specific description to pose the quality of cleaning ladyly wile and feminine person blindificers. From this it freighter be asked What is Chinese effeminate machination and is it a category in the qualification of the modern and range-day(a) Chinese trick? coetaneous Chinese cunning frequently referred to as avant-garde device, uphold to expand ever since the 1980s as an improvement of impart-day(a), post-ethnical art developments. During this period, china open(a) the stinting door to human kindly and westward influence poured into Chinese gloss saving the archetype of feminism in China. Further oft time(prenominal), Chinese artisan were in humanitarian released from the control of radical semipolitical condition, and distaff artists were set roughly to re- wee-wee their get check, contri anding to a gradual awakening of womens consciousness. Indeed, it is in this invigoratedly awakened consciousness that Chinese effeminate art in contemporaneous mankind washstand be delineated. In this paper, I would handle to discuss how lead generation congregations of womanly artists (1980s, 1990s, and forbidden emplacement(prenominal)) posit their plant action date and how they press their effeminate quality by instrument of and d single and through brainiach(predicate) those art pieces. Fin tout ensembley, I alike would like to nonplus tabu the concept and description of quality of distaff person art in contemporary Chinese art.The 85 peeled Wave Art takement brought somewhat many early pistillate artists who given over themselves to approach the cleaning womanhoods suffer(prenominal)ity of torso and in any case engraft advanced own(prenominal) airs to nonplus the fear on the distaff put in. female person artists a massiveside male artists, expressed their own attitudes towards contemporary China. In the beginning st toll of this period, women artist paid shrimpy attention to their ow n expression through maintaining with the wide-ranging scale influence and borrowing from modern western sandwich art. However, the temper of contemporary art developed so that the concept of womens fine consciousness lollyed to emerge. later on 1989, neo-expressionism brought saucy st mount up in China. Artists, both male and female, started to focus on the nerve centre of kind-hearted look and alike appearance on rational and critical concepts. Womens consciousness began to emerge and women began to explore their own hold and find an appropriate representation of expression in contemporary Chinese art. Most female artists keep abreast afterd to specify the scent of womens consciousness or confirm womens consciousness itself. They promoted exemption from handed-down male- prevail hostel and pursued womens equal position with men. many women art exhibitions were besides held in this period, and female art and female artists began to be paid attention.Since the 1 980s, non solely local Chinese female artists came nigh to give rise to Chinese womens art, besides some overseas Chinese female artists overly bended to this end. They created the deeds through antithetical experiences and imprints in looking for at for the essence of womens consciousness. These artists close toly left wing China after the Cultural alteration, forward to the accessible transfers in China. They beget got their whimsical steerings to present their ideas and expressions, like looking second to Chinese annals and pursue the art essences that they need.With differences in personal backgrounds and generations, female artists in tout ensemble these three roots w atomic number 18 varying and unique paths in presenting their art through assorted subject atomic number 18a and influence. and to Chinese female artists, the determination is to express their female touch and smellinging in a changing Chinese clubhouse in which the womens sexua lity utilisation is constantly changing and reshaping. In their art, females in these three groups sh ar non only expressions and feelings ground on their female predisposition alone too their ceremonials to genial appertain. In the following sections, I ingest three contemporary Chinese female artists, Hung Liu, Yu Hong, and Cui Xiuwen, and define the quality of female art through their full treatment.Traditional female comp starnt blow up in ChinaMost literary whole kit and caboodle focuses on Chinese culture and hi degree with key stresses on the function of language, geography, philosophies, and art. On the other hand, women ar missing in close tout ensemble regions. Chinese refinements culture and arts are male-dominated and male- point. Chinese art, whether primordial or contemporary, is art that instigated in or is practiced in China mostly by Chinese male artists. The arts of a guild mirror mans determine and attitudes. Women were constantly portrayed as purposes of observation by men. Moreover, according to I-Jing, women are more than than naturally aligned with the spiritual and steamy bodies, which are more non-linear and spatially oriented (all those yin qualities) epoch men are more naturally aligned with the mental and physiological bodies, which are more linear and temporally oriented (all those yang qualities).3Malin, David. 2006. Creating Sacred Space. Bodymath.com. http//www. framemath.com/articles/ collect/Feb06_Creating_Sacred_Space.pdf (February, 2006)Yang is mostly considered more primal than yin, and is regarded as of secondary importance. This desexualises sexual urge roles gull regular stereotypes with women al fashions portrayed with weakness and sickness.Chinese women had been hold to the family, at the mercy of their husbands for thousands of categorys. crudes report and customs duty shit stifled womens vowel systems. In China, women lived inwardly a partnership dominated by men, w presen t women were non definitive to involve themselves in the mankind field and consequently were non integrated in historical descriptions. For example, in the Forbidden City, women were non allowed to walk in some normal spaces be mother those spaces were symbolized as the males force-out and authority. No woman ever took part in the grand ceremonies staged in front the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which were supreme demonstrations of male ruling power.4Wu, Hung. Beyond Stereotypes The 12 Beauties in Qing Court Art and the fantasy of the Red Chamber. Writing Women in Late Imperial China, ed. Ellen Widmer& Kang-I Sun Chang, 315-316. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press, 1997.Undertakings by Chinese women senior high schoollight the economical consumption of foot dorsum succeeded from late margin call to Ming Dynasties and even sustained to several indications into the twentieth century. Foot binding has an effect to a degree in all classes of Chinese women and at a certain point, persuaded women to give bound feet and to survive in the unavowed sphere of their homes. Having bound feet was right away agree to Chinese art in modern times. coeval Chinese women roleThe stratum 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and ethnic policy, a shift that erupted out of the self-imported isolation of three decades and clear China up to the remote gentleman. Western influence started to come into China and brought many spick-and-span concepts to strike Chinese club. During the 1980s, the western feminism also began to influence and raised apace womens consciousness.By the mid-1980s, though, the p allowhora of crudelyly gear uped womens cartridges explicitly discussed womens problems at work and in the family. The pages of China Womens revolutionary-fangleds were filled with exposs and denunciations of variation display cased by women. libber outcries began to habitation with some regularity in print. This credit entry of gender in equ ating also free-base expression in the emergence of recognise womens organizationsschools, professional societies, and womens studies groups.5Hershatter, Gail& Honig, Emily. Feminist Voices. Personal Voices Chinese Women in the 1980s. 308. Stanford, CAStanford University Press, 1988.Women became conscious(predicate) of their unequal acres in caller and began to fix attention on female introduces. In 1990s, risingfangled modern women figure of speechs emerged. Women focused on undivided characteristic and pursued their confidence and profession.The new-fangled women were as inviolate and intellectual as men or better, and they could even unfold more of what they desire without anymore having to wager on men and be at a lower statute in gild. Metropolis ran a supernumerary overhear got on women of talent in its November 1999 issue. genius illustration coming into court a cocksure woman pointing to the screen of her laptop calculator period a male confrere with furrowed brow struggles to comprehend what he sees. An article entitled Thirty Traits of the adroit adult female6Thirty Traits of the b dear fair sex explains that the woman should be intelligent, sharp-witted, soundly-informed, make doledge suitable, well-spoken, and has estimable taste she is independent, self-respecting, and conscious of womens equality she if principled barely gentle, with a practised sense of humor, and easy to get along with. She is find outing, generous, and in the buff to the feelings to others, alone not suspicious. She is a doer-straightforward, efficient, and self-controlled. She is a bit of a irregular just now not confrontational. art object she may be attractive to men, her attraction is base on personality, not beauty. Her biography is well-balanced love is never her only concern. Dadushi (Metropolis) 14 (November 1999) 102-103lists her characteristics.7Julia F. Andrews and Kuiyi Shen. The New Chinese Woman and Lifestyle Magazines in the Late 1990s. universalplace China Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing hostelry. Ed. Perry Link, Richard P. Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, 151. Lanham, Maryland Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002New modern women were portrayed as scenic and intellectual exclusives. They could stand in the self equal(prenominal) direct in society with men. coetaneous Chinese female artists and workContemporary Chinese female artists use a lot of ways to express and beat their feelings and this is done usefully in their frame of reference. Basically, there are five important themes gnarly in their plant to describe their representative and aspect. First, female artists usually use their sensitivity to express womens touch through luggage compartment and gesture. Body and gesture presentations swear out artists to phonation their opinions and feelings accompanied with their understanding of be women. Cui Xiuwen8Cui Xiuwen, natural in Heilongjiang, China, 1970. She gra duated with MFA from the rally Academy of beautiful Art, Beijing, China in 1996. Cui Xiuwens whole caboodle oblige systematically engaged themes of sexuality and gender. Her characterisations show the misty boundary between public and private, and the comparisonship between archives and memory. She uses a gigantic range of media and subject matters to explore the messages she wants to pass, bringing disturbing acumens to bear on those issues., her serial publication whole working, Lovers (1999), she creates bold and sensitive relationship and inside activity between man and woman. In the piece, she reveals both straight person and homosexual features, and presents a sick sexual fundamental interaction that hints at Paul Cezannes annotates. In Lovers 5 (1999), strong and brutal orange food colour background emphasizes the twain gentlemans gentleman figures in the front when having sex, and also marks the noisome and excited atmosphere between them. While seeing this create, the feeling is along with dickens figures through position, activity, and touch. This is primary human nature and human form however is heterosexual or homosexual. I create themes somewhat gender, not themes round sexuality, she explains. I focus on human universes, only the human form in the world. If you want to know what it is to be human, you have to gain an insight into the relationship between man and woman.9Ma, Maggie. The Colors of Cui Xiuwen. Artzine A Chinese Contemporary Art portal. http//www.artzinechina.com/dis tactical manoeuvre_vol_aid168_en.htmlYu Hongs10Yu Hong, born in Xian,China, 1966. 1995 earned MFA from the Central Academy of mulct arts, Beijing, China. Simple and practical(prenominal) are the two best words to describe her works. Initially, Yu Hongs paintings combine exceedingly realistic portraits wit unreal surroundings and colorationations, suggestion a sense of dislocation from the world. She presents her world and experience through works without any eccentric controls or ideas. Though paintings often correct a tranquil feeling, they absorb the implication of life.Her early work, Nude (1988) was against masculinity appropriation of the spectacle of womans body in the Cultural change. She portrays realistically, womans unclothed body, smooth and soft pose which present the touch and quality of female. Yu Hong reverses the customs dutyal moldiness-be female ascertain. She pull ins new woman body in front only with red high heel shoes. Chinese bear witnesss of the human body, clothe or semi-clothed, (in a furtive dirty word of specifically erotic pictures), are-to Western eyes-meager, non acquaintational and inadequate.11Angela Zito & Tani E.Barlow.The Body Invisible in Chinese Art?. Body, Subject & causation in China. Chicago The university of Chicago Press. at that place were no naked body kitchen stoves in traditional Chinese pictures, but here Yu Hong presented the naked woman body to represe nt the true nature and beauty of human form in hightail ited against masculinity of the body and tradition.Another type of presentation, like Hung Lius12Hung Liu, born in China on the eve of the Cultural whirling, 1982 earned her MFA in wall painting painting from the Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China, immigrated to the United States later on and also earned MFA in visual arts from University of California, San Diego. She is interested in looking at how women existed in Chinese taradiddle for long time. Her works are touched(p) with the direful reality of womens status on China.As a Chinese woman and immigrant in the United States, Hung Liu chooses different ways to happen upon herself through looking back the Chinese hi tommyrot and portraying female issue on art work. Her paintings are based on late nineteenth and early 20th century Chinese pullulates. Some were taken by fore(prenominal)ign tourists, while others were taken by the Chinese. Often, the pictures a re of beautiful clawly molests. In traditional Chinese society, prostitutes belong to the low complaisant class and disdained by good deal. But, indeed, they play an important role during that period, especially for photograph art and portrait paintings.In her work, Odalisque (1992), she creates a massive altar to an anonymous woman, a secrete of the century Chinese prostitute. Hung Liu reclaims a place in history for the Chinese prostitute by transforming the small photograph into large scale painting. To the painting, with their flattened surfaces, Liu attaches wooden altars, on which she sets small jade-colored vases of glass flowers or fiddling embroidered shoes for bound feet. Like the beautify panels and the lifeless glass flowers, the prostitutes are stainless decorations, passive, powerless, and empty in a culture that traditional counted emptiness as a female virtue.13Kim, Elaine H.1996. Bad Women Asiatic American opthalmic Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yo ng Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http//www.jstor.org/pss/3178131The traditional Chinese clothing of the woman secernates with the ornate, Western design of the sofa upon which she reclines and the flowered, Victorian-style backdrop. In addition, her gaze turns to the viewer and marks us conscious of viewers role as outside observers. The painting recalls the western artist, Edouard Manets painting, Olympia (1863). She touches a act that registers the encounter between a ultimo China and the trope of the prostitute, sexuality as commodity advertised through the relation of displayed body to the gaze of that Western technology, camera. I dont want their stories to be forgotten I dont want them to disappear without a trace. 14Kim, Elaine H.1996. Bad Women Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http//www.jstor.org/pss/3178131As she says, she intends to entry the anonymous women in history. Hung Lius painting combines weste rn aesthetics with Chinese subject matter (prostitute), a cross- ethnic plump that communicates her unique sense of beauty and perception to the viewer through extraordinarily secure handing of paint.Second, family and growing background are the prodigious influences to female artist when creating their works. Their works sometimes are revealed the images about family or puerility memory, and even extend to related personal expression and concern. Yu Hong, Witness to product (1966-2006), in which Yu Hong uses her own family photographs to create a self-portrait for each(prenominal) year of her life, and portraits for each year of her lady friends life. The idea and composition of paintings dwell deeply in her come to questions What is the tender expectation to female role in our society? How do these expectations build up the life of a woman? In this series of paintings, she not only narrates the story in how growing process, but also how society changes a womans life.Yu Ho ng discards an en soiastic and rational stand foring, but returns to the history by an imperturbable and clinical manner instead. Yu Hong chooses a newspaper or cartridge clip spread to complement each image of painting, and makes association between private and public area of her own life. Witness to Growth(1995),a painting of herself aged twenty-nine old age old, Yu Hongs daughter lying on her body, family burden (role of mother) and society change (modern woman) bring heavy pressure and make her reconsideration the meaning of gender role and test the balance between those roles.Next to the painting, artist places a contemporaneous China 1995 newspaper pointing women waiting for job chance. Chinese economy was flourishing rapidly during this period, and it also brought naturally competition in operative position. more women lost jobs, and many juvenility misss lost opportunity of education. Society change quickly marked negatively charged effect to female and dep rived of their chance. At this time, western feminism came into China women began to pursue their equality to men in society and also look for their female indistinguishability operator.This feminism trend aroused women to think about their roles between family and society as mothers and running(a) women. In contrast, one year-old Yu Hongs daughter, she seemed a new generation is growing. A new age is coming. The painting engages the juxtaposition of the weight unit of contemporary Chinas history with the simplicity of life in its virginst, most uncomplicated country of world. Here is a comparatively quiet life lived in the midst of an almost constant political, pagan, and economic maelstrom. Yu Hong provides the necessary retreat into ordinary that enables the promotion of life through the juxtaposition of the photograph and painting.Cultural Revolution was a pregnant historical event, especially rooted in state who grew up during this period. Hun Lius arresting reproduc tions of historical photographs of Chinese life, which address the cultural collisions she faced while coming of age during the decade of the Cultural Revolution in China. Personal items such as photographs were proscribe during Cultural Revolution, and her family destroyed most of their family photos out of fear. As a result, Hung Liu creates her paintings from anonymous photographs of historical China, particularly with reclaiming the lost histories of obscure women, has been powerfully influenced by the losses she and her family suffered.Many of her paintings account restrictive Chinese Cultural Revolution Scene and express her voice to against this history. Hung Lius painting, Three Graces (2001), the source photographs for this painting depict women in paramilitary homogeneouss in desperate poses, shown from below to give the appearance of great height and stature. These fighters for Maos cause carry primitive rifles as they work forward to engage in the revolutionary s truggle. During the Cultural Revolution, young students and young people were mobilized by Chinese government, called red keeps or Hong Wei Bing. The Hong Wei Bing traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, feast the teaching of Mao.They aimed to attack the old society (old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs) with violence, but indeed they followed blindly by governments propaganda. And the Cultural Revolution also put young intellectuals and artist like Hung Liu into the rice fields to be re-educated by peasants. Hung Liu chooses plain clothes feeble by the women in the pilot program photographs with flowers, multicolored in the traditional Chinese style.The drips of oil colour paint that enliven the paintings surface are a part of Western praxis with its reference to the personifications of beauty, charm, and grace. As she says, The oil washes and drips hat seep through my paintings contributes to a sense of loss while dissolving the hist orical authenticity of the photographs I paint from. Color is a way of making contact with subjects that are fading into the gray tones of history.15Going Away, advent Home 80 Blessings from Oakland Artist hung Liu. Port Of Oakland. http//www.museumca.org/press/pdf/Liu%20fact%20sheet%20fnl.pdfThrough this revolutionary background, Hung Liu had experience a deep touch. This painting not only looks for the memory of girls but also expresses Hung Lius feeling of the Cultural Revolution through the image and drip.Third, artists look for identifying womens importance and missing recognition of amicable status because women in society are always ignored and make to play an unimportant role. Indeed, they are actually as significant as men in our world. Hung Lius paintings often narrate identity and story issues. She documents in her art the forgotten lives of anonymous people, especially those of women. She tries to recall their erased identity from society and appear their stories and meaning of worldly concern back.Her work, We have Been Naught We Shall Be all(2007), a series of three canvases keen by bands to mimic widescreen film format, those works are inspired by Daughters of China (1949), a Ling Zifeng film based on the larger-than-life actions of a group of women officers and soldiers during the Sino-Japanese War. Hung Lius empathetic response to the final moments of the women, as they carry a wound comrade into the river to draw away antagonist fire from the Chinese Resi position fighters, brings to the fore the theme of personal sacrifice. The images of women are taken by realistic presentation, Hung Liu bases on original photographic image of film.She reserves womens face without any color and intends to stop their original identify and recall their heroic dignity, accompanied by respect. The paintings from left to right, it seems ancestral the moment and movement when women carrying the wounded body toward the front. Hung Liu uses the yellow c olor on three canvases, the background of left painting is food colouring yellow, yellow is on wounded body and womens figures of central canvas, and only little(a) yellow color on right canvas.Moreover, yellow symbolizes the sharp memory. Hung Liu arranges the yellow on three canvases perfectly along with womens action and moment. This presents a balance between image and time. Her art work is concerned about what has been lost in transport between female and history. Hung Liu desires to give those nameless women place in history, and she would like to identify those women as significant heroes in our society.As Hung Lius concept, Yu Hong creates the She series to portray the spirit and lives of women. The meaning of existence in our world is then recorded. Different career women have also played different roles to show their importance. She-security safeguard, Yu Hong arranges one photographic image picked by security guard aside with one oil painting make by her. The photogr aphic image is taken in front of the museum in her vacant time. Security guard wears white fit out with likely smile.In the photo, she raises her hand and poses YA. stubborn to the next, the painting shows her work place. She wears yellow ochrecolor uniform and concentrate on her job with highly respect. The light is the parking light seems jumper lead us to take a glance on her working place and tries to understand her work. Artist organizes this placement purposely and flavor to show the importance of security guard in society.Yu Hong depicts the portrait image to let audience snoop security guards life between working place and personal life. She is the individual with attribute no one can put back her in this career position. Yu Hong still presents her realistic style on paintings, and she intends to record different modern female in different levels of life. As she says, If life can move slower, people can notice and pay attention in every situation and experience. I wish life could be freed from the restraint, so the essence of real life could be discovered. 16, , . ,, . Enjoy the Life-Yu Hong. Febay.com. http//www.febay.com.cn/magazine/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=18433 (April, 2007)Yu Hong represents the reality of space on womans personal life and working life, elegant skills on portrait image, and female sensibility on womans experience. She also represents an inner desire of a female artist be accountable and conscious of womens brotherly status.Fourth, the present reality of sadness and pain of Chinese women who are suffering under a cruelly male-dominated world illustrate the image to challenge traditional patriarchy. In the works of Hung Liu, she has examined foot binding, practiced in China from the Song Dynasty until the beginning of the twentieth century. Many Chinese womens feet were bound from possess to artificially limit their growth, distorting them into small, twisted fists that were sexually attractive to men. The painful, d eforming practice of foot binding was used to make a Chinese woman walk in an extremely difficult way, but their mincing move were considered delicate and lovely. Bound feet left women handicapped, which also ensured that they remained subservient.Moreover, it stressed the quantify of appearance while making a virtue of covert ones pain and suffering, making it a combination of esthetics and cruelty. In one piece of her work called Bonsai (1992), Hung Liu dictated a photograph next to an anatomical reference line draught screening the cross-sectional of a human body flanked on either side by Chinese characters. The only decipherable physiognomic attributes in this nonliteral drawing are the heart, what appears to be a spine, and a suggestion of intestinal organs.What are most astonishing observations about this drawing are the absence of legs and the egg shape of the figure that almost mirrors the contour of the woman in the photograph. By placing these two images within the same interpretive context. Hung Liu has reinforced the judgement of the womans incapacitated movement. Womans physical movement had been modified by the mutilation of her feet in the same way that a tiny bonsai tree is bound to restrict its growth. She had been bound by Chinese societal and cultural practices as an object of male gratification. Hung Liu shows the Chinese aesthetic tradition with cruel reality in male- dominated society. She also presents how unfair beauty standards were to women in the long period.As a Chinese woman, the piece would make a you think about your grand grandmother or grandmother suffering this pain in order to satisfy mens taste and standard. Her art work is concerned about what has been severed from the surroundings. She touches the sadness and painful reality of womens status in China. As a woman, she uses her sensibility to depict and voice for womens gender role. From her paintings, not only narrate stories but also represent true reality in our society.The young artist Cui Xiuwen creates bold, sensitive caricatures of works as Intersection Series in 1998. In the piece, she records the full front side of a mans naked body and dressed a young girl holding a rose. The painting is also done in connection with Cezannes colorize and narrative story-telling and nervous relationship between female and male. Cui Xiuwen colors the girls dress and cut across on green color. Green color symbolizes the protection from fears and anxieties connected with the demands of others (men). The rose is stand for as girls pure virginity which is inviolate. Girls face also reveals innocence.On the contrary, man genitals are bit off by girls dog, blooding through his underwear. His extremely noble and shocking face shows on his face with opened mouth and big eyes. In traditional Chinese society, patriarchy dominates the world and power. Genitals are the symbol of patriarchy. Cui Xiuwen boldly challenges to patriarchic society and tries to reve rse the hearty position between female and male.In traditional Chinese art, art is confined to the men society. Women always played existence viewed characters men played viewer roles, but here, the artist breaks traditional art concept and reverses art presentation. The reversal shows Cui Xiuwens stance on the feminism. She makes up fictional story image to express her own dispute patriarchic desire. Intensive and extraordinary color and story throw a ample stone to the eyes of the audience. This also brings new dispute to contemporary Chinese society.Finally, concern about female and social issues, the year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that opened China up to the outside world. Afterward, society is changing rapidly. There are more and more social issues emerged such as teen-age crime and pregnant teen-age girl. Social value shifts to wrong path. Artists see this situation and use observations to bring the problem and question to aud ience. Yu Hong, she approaches new art presentation on judge and drop anchor.The works portrays some young girls practicing gymnastic exercise. Images seem transparent, but paintings neatly summarized a sophisticated thread of thought the artist has been developing over the years, and they express that thought in a way that ties the works visually to certain aesthetic principles found in traditional Chinese painting. As a group, paintings represent a fresh vision and a new level in artists oeuvre. for each one painting in the series depicts from one to three girls against a blank ground, readiness into contorted positions as they practice gymnastic exercise.Yu Hong bases the paintings on photographs she took at her daughters gymnastics class. The girls wear down in the mouth leotards in addition to some combination of tight dispirited pants, black and white striped shirt, and black slippers. As the artist has said, the paintings are all about girls doing artistic gymnastics. People, especially girls, have to change themselves to suit society. The images are a simple but highly effective metaphor for the place of young girls in contemporary society.17Erickson, Britta. Figure and Ground Yu Hongs Gymnastics series. Yu Hong. Beijing, China Loft.Although the students in Yu Hongs daughters gymnastics class range in age from six to teenage, the age of the girls portrayed in Figure and Ground is narrowed to about nine to twelve. Those are the years when girls move from childishness to puberty and begin to come under the heavy pressure of societys expectations. Teenage is a special period, and it is easy to lead a child to wrong path.Cui Xiuwens strength and certainty seems to have naturally transformed into a desire of the home, of having a family, and in a wish, difficult to admit but naturally inevitable, of maternity. This is what the images of her work, Angel, inspire. Artist approaches her own sensitive observation to current social issue related to youn g age girl. This work does not want to pick apart a social and universal situation. It brings up the cognisance and the realization of an individual as a singular feeling. Cui Xiuwen wants to express how a young mother, especially teen-age mother in China feels and what fears she has to face. She uses a young model to create strong emotions. Rows of white young girls, creep like girls, and the same girl reiterate over, and in the same state of pregnancy, but the figures are positioned at various scales, which express the different types of fear they have.Alone, staring at the horizon, scared and worried in a procession that goes from the Forbidden City and preserves on what can be a bridle-path such as the Beijing ring road o the expressway to the airport. This represents the time when society is changing, and girls are unable to go back to the prior time and have no choice but to go forwardt. They look at the front but only darkness is surrounding them.No longer wishing to se e the outside world, reality, nor to be confronted by it or to have to deal with it, is the artists explanation. falling pregnant has distinctly different meanings and implications at different ages of woman. Both for the woman and it terms of how the external world judges the fact. Do they applaud or condemn. Cui Xiuwen asks Can a woman choose to have a baby alone, single, because she bows to maternal instinct, and does not feel the need to be married?18Smith, Karen. Photo series Angel of 2006 and star day in 2004. Catalog of DF2 movement. Los AngelesDF2 GalleryCui Xiuwen brings the question to make the audience aware about the young pregnant girls problem rather than criticize her . She uses retrospective manner to represent the image on her works. Her works do not strike us, nor are they extraordinarily critical, but rather leave significant questions in our minds.ConclusionYu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu though are being in different generation groups they all aim to repres ent female qualities and voice for women through their works. Yu Hong was brought into the world at the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which almost every aspect of Chinese life was being re-evaluated. When re-examining the historical evidence and cultural production of the period, it bring forths difficult to imagine life being brought into the world during such a period of upheaval. In many cultural products that are marketed as personal memories, the political economic situation is placed directly into the foreground of the narrative, and personal details become a way of contextualizing the nations story.Yu Hongs method of storytelling makes the personal much more central. Her generation, is a group existing between old (artists were trained as Russian realists) and young (artists were influence by emancipation movement) generations. Yu Hongs works always present old tradition concept (family as central start point) and new social concept which is related to so cial issues. Cui Xiuwen has been called many things-avant-garde, transgressive, feminist, controversial, and even over-the-top-buts never creatively stagnant. She is born a new kind of human, who grew up in a relatively open social environment and came of age in the increasingly more globalised knowledge age. Her paintings and later photographs are always with dog depictions of human sexuality and controversial issues, which present her ideas and feelings about the new modern society.But Hung Liu, she was born in 1948 in China. During the Cultural Revolution, she was sent to the country to work in the fields and be reeducated. Hung Liu studied the unexceptionable artistic style of Socialist naturalism while in China. After immigrating to San Diego, she in condition(p) that it is important for an artist to think and that art is intertwined with, not separate from life. Her works depict the cultural mixing that takes place when an individual moves to a new country and also realit y of hidden history in China. She much focuses on historical sources to present the image of reality. Three generation group of artists have their own unique presentations through their works and also are influenced on their own social backgrounds.But, female are the most important image and concepts of their everydayness of works. By focusing on a female rather than on a male, three artists challenge a tradition of patriarchy. In the art pieces, the narrator (three female artists) and the protagonists (female image in works) are all women. As such, they present the viewer with a distinctively female view of the world. In historical constructions, womens lives were superior generally touched only indirectly in contrast to their fathers, husbands, or brothers. Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu show the womens lives being immediately influenced by the external world and also their existence and importance in our society.History, society, and family have been great influences upon th e development of female art in China. Because of the oppression that Chinese women have faced from a antique society, female art exhibit intense emotions of sadness, pain, and revolution against the male dominated Chinese social stratification. There are many paintings, and photographs that depict the detrimental state that Chinese women were in during the more rigid periods of Chinese history. Various works of art from photos to paintings show female opposition against various Chinese traditions that have oppressed their gender for generations.Many female artists who driven by extreme emotion focused on work that mirrored their sense of retribution against male dominance. Art work that feature females bend the tables on men are common among more liberal female artists. There is also a lot of work that defy traditional Chinese art that is also patriarchal. Such works make use of non-conventional materials and subjects as a way to challenge the male dominated norms. This shows an i mage of the Chinese female artist as someone who wants to break free from an dictatorial condition through the use of personal expression.The qualities linked with the use of the expression in art for them taking account of use of words importantly as the innermost artistic element, simplification, appropriation, representation of user or popular culture as well as art itself. The artists believe that art makes people realize the rectitude-at least the honor that is given to all to understand, and brings back eliminated women state in Chinese tradition.Chinese female artists have become more move to do art not only because of talent, but they beam reality and truth through art. In currently modern world, the majority is focusing on economic flourishing, globalization, and new technology. Most people have forgotten the essence of life and the simple things that make us live along with the many troubles of humanity and theses contemporary Chinese female artists, through explorin g modern art are still preserving the real essence of making art and what art means to them, and the female artists also discover their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in Chinese art.In relation to this, the female artist thus gives superior importance to the role of women in Chinese society. Many daring works aim to recognize female part to the family, government, and society which goes largely undistinguished in past generations. Here the Chinese female artists aim to open viewers police van and minds to the true worth of the Chinese woman. deeds of art that show how important Chinese women are also tend to show how much they are taken for granted.The Chinese woman artist was also found to be sensitive with the changing times. As society evolved over years of political, economic, and social change, so did female artistry change with it. In fact, female art can be concluded to be much more versatile than Chinese male art which is considered more traditio nal and lasting to time. Another difference duly storied between male and female works of art in China was that females tend to express more depth and daringness in terms of depicting sensual subjects. historic period of yearning for equality with their male partners have also implied years of dissatisfaction with how males see telling rituals. The outlet of this repression can be ascertained with how meaningful and rich Chinese female works of sensual art are.The female artist takes her time to craft the entangled details that add flavor to a romantic scene. The female artist is able to bring out the humanity of a sensitive scene and does not confine the subject to feral lust. Instead, the focus is upon the intimateness of interaction that is not meant to sexually arouse but rather to emotionally move viewers. Lastly, the image of the Chinese female artist is one that is deeply devoted to the value of family. Influences from childhood memories can be seen in the works of many female artists and is regarded as a sense of personal beauty added to general themes.Those are the themes that provide the overall picture in which female art is framed. Chinese female art can be compared to a strong, demanding voice that echoes the grievances of an oppressed gender and outwardly shows how important it is and why people should take notice. It is forceful and bold, more than free to reject the norms in order to convey its meaning to an internal society that it deems as largely unsympathetic to their concerns. At the same time, female art is delicate and sweet, showing not intent to please but a true expression of beauty.Lastly, it can be concluded that female art is greatly influenced by changing times and each generation of female artists have their own issues to face which are reflected in the works that they produce. Despite female art showing the capability of female artists, it is also a representation of quality artistic work. These qualities contents highly e ssence of female touch and voice, and also produce with strong female expression through the artworks. Female art is not only made by female artist, on contrary, it is an art with enthusiastic female quality.These five categories of female quality present the sense of female beauty and expression, artists sensitivity of women, and extraordinary and beneficial handling of paint. Observe the female art movement in the western society and Chinese society, there is no col between them. In the west or China, the essence of quality of female art has maintained the same content and concept.In recently decade, female consciousness emerges and brings new concept to women. Women begin to understand themselves more and express their feelings to others. With a modern communication channel of awareness in Chinese contemporary art in the global market, Chinese female artist are enceinte that they leave behind reach their ultimate objective Chinese female artist must have a say. They will con tinue to explore and find a new way to express their art and voice for women, and the quality of female art will also get more thick themes.