Proposed reform on Judicial Review Research Paper

Proposed reform on Judicial Review - Research Paper Example Whereas the level and extent to which other reforms may be beneficial to the judicial process are not in question, this author will lay out but a few salient reasons why the judicial nomination process is one of the most important functions that government makes with regards to the functionality, diversity, fairness, and representative nature that the judiciary should display. Furthermore, due to the fundamental shift in the judicial nomination process that has been experienced over the past 50 years, this author will seek to lay out a series of issues that define the shortcomings that the current legal system experiences as well as seeking to law out what steps could be effected in order to ameliorate these. The first issue that this analysis will consider is the fact that the judicial nomination process has turned into what can only be considered a type of media and political frenzy. Whereas the constitution states that the president should seek the counsel of congress in order to appoint a judge, the actual process whereby the judge is vetted is not enumerated upon and has largely become to be defined by Congress as something of an evolving practice that draws on prior precedence and the political fervor of a given point in time (Gonzalez et al 2003). As Congress itself, nor the president for that matter, can be trusted to make a determination based upon qualifications, the process oftentimes diverges into a political mudslinging contest where both sides attempt to paint the other as either obstructionist or attempting to push through some form of radical judge to the bench. As such, this interpretation of the law and precedent is neither helpful to the understanding of the constitution nor the judicial nomination process. As a function of this, the following analysis will detail and proscribe a set of solutions with regards to this particular shortcoming. Recent court appointments have highlighted the fact that rather than determining the overall qualificat ions of the judge, the opposing political party merely regresses to performing a series of partisan character attacks as a means to stymie the process and generate a degree of public awareness and involvement (McGinnis et al 2010). This of course is counterproductive and forces the process itself to be a multipart game that both the Congress and the sitting president at the time engage upon. Oftentimes the way that such a game progresses is that the president will nominate a series of un-selectable and/or unqualified candidates as a means to exhaust the Congress or the general public with the intractability of the process. Only once this has been accomplished, the president will nominate the candidate that he truly wanted to be make it through the process in the first place. This game theory is counterproductive, inefficient, and wastes a great deal of shareholder time and energy. A better and more efficient process for nomination and selection is therefore necessitated in order to institute a process that is not only more efficient but also a better representation of how the constitution originally envisioned the process of judicial nomination. In this sense, the entire process is hijacked at the expense of political posturing, partisanship, and a degree of political gain

Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Employee Wellbeing Management Essay

Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Employee Wellbeing Management Essay Leadership has been defined by various authors in different ways. According to Barron and Greenberg (1990 cited in Rollinson, 2005) leadership is the name of the process where a person influences a group of other persons or members and motivates them for the achievement of some specified group or organizational objectives. According to Rollinson (2005)in other words leadership can be defined as a process in which a person interact with his followers in such a way that he influences the actions of his followers in a non-coercive way to achieve specified goals and objectives. To manipulate the efforts of individuals in most effective way it is the leader who plays an important role. An intellectual and a dynamic leader provides personal attention to his employees, provides encouragement of specific behaviour in workers through personal stimulation, empowers them in terms of decision making and problem solving (Sashkin and Rosenbach 1993, cited in Nielsen et al ,2009). In addition employees well being at work both physically and psychologically is the most important factor for the success and achievement of organizational goals. These are the transformational leaders who make sure about the interests of their employees, their wellbeing in terms of physical and mental health and about their satisfaction of the job (Bass, 1999). Transformational Leadership: Transformational leaders are the leaders who make sure and protect the interests of their employees, subordinates and colleagues and they broaden and elevate their interests as well. They create motivation and attention amongst their followers to the purpose of their group and/or organization in such a way that they give preference to the interests of their organization over their own personal interests. (Nielsen et al, 2009). The term Transformational Leadership was used by Burns in 1978. According to Bass (1985, cited in Humphreys, 2005) transformational leaders create enthusiasm and awareness in their employees in a way that they struggle more and work hard effectively for the betterment and success of their organization and for the achievement of their organizational objectives. They engage themselves with their followers in such a way that they enhance each other capability and moral in the terms so that the goals of each person come together in the best interest of the organization. According to Bass (1990) the principle of the transformational behaviour is that the relationship between the leader and the follower should not be based on something like personal interest and value system, so acting upon this principle the transformational leader keeps his followers unite and in addition he transforms the objectives of his followers in most positive way towards the success of organization. He influences his employees by demonstrating; Individual Consideration Intellectual Stimulation Inspirational Motivation Charisma Avolio (et al 1991, cited in Humphreys, 2005) explains the above qualities of leadership as follows: Individual Consideration: The most important factor of the individual consideration is that the transformational leaders understand the needs of their employees and they know that these needs also change with the passage of time, and they keep themselves aware about any kind of differences amongst the employees. They also keep a close eye on the performance of their followers and on any kind of hurdles that may distract the efficiency of the individuals, and they take effective measures to remove these kinds of obstacles. They act as a guide and mentor to each individual and they advise them in order to improve their efficiency. Intellectual Stimulation: By demonstrating intellectual stimulations the transformational leaders convince their followers to change and adopt new ways and strategies in solving the problems and difficulties faced by each individual, by enhancing their behaviour, attitude and values, and for this purpose they give solid reasons to followers so that they can change their thinking about the issues regarding their work capability. Inspirational Motivation: The quality of inspiration and motivation in a transformational leader is the image which is created in the eyes of followers by demonstrating personal consideration and intellectual stimulation. The transformational leaders inspire and motivate employees to achieve the organizational goals by focussing the important factors in a very easy and simple way. This behaviour of the transformational leaders maximizes the confidence and encouragement of the staff which help the employees in tackling the problems in the time of crises. Charisma: Transformational leaders are the persons who are given respect and honour by their followers and also the followers show confidence and commitment upon them. It is a crucial step for the transformational leader to achieve a charisma in the eyes of the followers (Bass, 1990). The charismatic behaviour of the transformational leadership is depicted by Bass as a behavioural and attributed idealized influence which is considered to be created by individual consideration, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation along with trust and emotional relation with the leader (Avolio et al., 1991, cited in Humphreys, 2005). Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Employee Wellbeing: Close relationships have been reported between Transformational Leadership and employee wellbeing and job satisfaction. The term wellbeing includes physical, mental, social, intellectual and spiritual health as well. The relationship between the leader and the employee is a very important factor in employee wellbeing. Employee Wellbeing: According to CIPD Change Agenda creating an environment to promote a state of contentment which allows an employee to flourish and achieve their full potential for the benefit of themselves and their organization. In an organization having a transformation leadership style, there is always a close and strong relationship between the employees and the managers and thats why the level of employee wellbeing remains high. Transformational leader keep themselves aware about the workload on a group or on an individual, their likes and dislikes and their need etc and in this way they are more likely to create an environment in the organization where a high level of individual and group wellbeing is achieved. Employees wellbeing at work: The wellbeing of employees at work is the most essential factor for the achievement of organizational goals and all the organizations try their best to be in a healthy environment. Employers are realizing now that they should have a wellbeing strategy to improve mental and physical health of their staff. Most of employers now provide private health insurance and some employers provide also access to gym and counselling. If the employees in an organization are physically, mentally and socially healthy then this must contribute to their success. On the other hand the imbalance of work load, threat of insecurity, irritative relation amongst the employees or with the line managers and a lack of empowerment will result a high rate of stress, absence, inefficient staff performance, and concerns about job satisfaction. According to CIPD absence management survey (2006, cited in CIPD, 2007) the work related stress and mental conditions are the main reasons of employees absence and according to that survey the average rate of absence is eight days per employee per year which costs the organizations about  £600 per year per employee. According to ESRC (2006) report around 28 million days are lost every year due to staff absence. It is estimated that stress costs businesses about  £3.8 billion per year (Health and Safety Executive, 2006, cited in Baptiste, 2007 ). The organizations that have realized that the health and safety, employee wellbeing and their satisfaction about job is the most important factor in terms of good performance and goal achievements and they have made investments in employees wellbeing these institutions are enjoying the advantages of their healthy and confident workforce towards their organizational success. (Peccie, 2004, cited in Baptiste, 2007). Under the transformational leadership style the employees in an organization are given the opportunity to apply and enhance their knowledge and skills to get the job done. Institute of Directors discovered that wellbeing satisfy the small businesses in terms of client requirements, controlling insurance charges, increase production and it also satisfies, attracts and motivates the staff (IOD 2006, cited in CIPD, 2007). According to Baptiste In the organizations where the employees have a voice and they have provided with support and encouragement from their leaders they work more effectively and their positive behaviour and commitment results in best performance and productivity. HRM practices which create a relationship between leadership and employees, and help in developing trust and engagement, also contribute towards the effective attitude of employees and ensure wellbeing at work which consequently results in better performance. According to Ilies, R., Morgeson, P. F., Nahragang, J, D.,(2005) the positive organizational scholarships ensure the effective organizational behaviour which results in enhanced employees wellbeing and is distinguished from traditional organizational studies in that it seeks to understand what represents and approaches the best of the human condition . The recent theories and discussions regarding the positive and ethical leadership in organizations have induced to a combine effort to ensure all the effective approaches to leadership. Within the context of increasingly important field of employee wellbeing and the positive characteristics of human functioning like positive emotions, hope, struggle for the achievements of organizational objectives for the social and mental health and wellbeing. According to Avolio Gardner, 2005 this combine effort consequently results in the positive leadership approaches like transformational, inspirational, charismatic leadership. These kinds of le aders are trustworthy and they keep themselves aware about their own values as well as they modify their employees thinking and objectives in terms of positive organizational context. Trainings to manage workplace stress: Shuttleworth, A., (2005) states, since its the duty of the employers to take care of their workers and which is mentioned in the Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999, the HSE draft management standard has revealed the accountability cases that employers face due to workplace stress. In February 2000 a former post office manager made a claim against stress related sickness due to extra work load and he got  £175000. Employers are now engaged in essential trainings to overcome stress related issues at workplace such as bullying, to enhance empowerment, improve resilience to stress. Furthermore the organizations are emphasising the senior management and leaders to be actively participate to support and develop the initiative and its design. Role of Transformational Leader in Combating Employees Negativity: According to Avey, J, B., (2008) now a day in the print media special attention has been paid to the soaring figures of employees working hours and to the level of its stress. It is the result of the new global market trends in the world economy where due to an increase in the demands, the organizations are putting extra pressure on their employees to work for extra hours which is resulting in some negative effects like cynicism and their decisions to quit the jobs etc but a less importance has been given to these issues regarding workers negativity and how to overcome these negative factors. Previous theories and researches have shown that the transformational leadership help in combating employees negativity and enhanced their psychological wellbeing, empowerment, self confidence and independence which results in subsequent engagement and satisfaction about job. (Dvir et al, 2002). According to Avolio et al, (2004) transformational leadership empowers and motivates employees to job commitment. And empowerment subsequently results in job satisfaction; it reduces work related strain and also enhances employees efficiency positively (Avey et al., 2008). It reduces the level of disappointment and anger in employees feelings regarding their job (Judge and Ilies, 2004). In the development of positive and effective organizational behaviour the recent studies (Avey et al., 2008) have shown that there is a close relationship among the psychological capital, performance and absenteeism (Avey et al., 2008). According to Harter, J, K., Schmidt, F, L., and Keys C, L, M., (2003) by demonstrating the individual consideration, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation the transformational leaders provide an opportunity to their employees where there is no presence of strain (too much challenges) or boredom (too little challenges) which affects adversely the quality and quantity of employee performance as well as their standard of life (Edwards, Caplan, Van Hrrison, 1998). In this kind of environment the workers face interesting and meaningful job tasks as Brim (1992) has called manageable difficulties and Csikszentmihalyi (1997) called as optimal states, it is the state where workers feel themselves as energetic, productive, growing, happy and engaged, and it is the situation where the demands are equal to or slightly above the level of resources (Waterman, 1993). By enhancing the workers emotional wellbeing and their satisfaction with work and workplace, transformational leader s promote the quality of individuals life as well as the productivity of entire community which consequently results in organizational outcomes in terms of best productivity, profitability, employee turnover and customer loyalty etc. Role of Empowerment: Empowerment is a main factor of the transformational leadership style in terms of work satisfaction and enhanced employees psychological wellbeing. The relationship of empowerment to job satisfaction is founded positive and it is related negatively to work strain (Avey, et al., 2008). In terms of a motivational means the empowerment consists of four cognitions like meaning, competence, self determination and impact. The meaning refers to the individuals personal standards to the value of work objective. Competence refers to the trust and confidence in the individuals mind regarding their ability to perform their organizational job tasks with personal skills. Self determination means the concept in the employees mind that they have some options and choices to start and regulate their job activities and strategies and the term impact refers to the level of individual influence on strategies and operating consequences. Role of Leadership, Empowerment and Positivity in combating employee negativity Figure 1. source from Avey et al (2008). Transformational leadership is positively related to empowerment (Kark et al., 2003, cited in Avey et al., 2008). Positive work outcomes like good performance and job satisfaction is positively related to the transformational relationship (Lowe et al., 1996, cited in Avey et al., 2008). Followers of the transformational leader found that they perform their job duties in most positive way and with most self confidence (Bono and Judge 2003). This gives further support to the theories that the followers of the transformational leaders are more empowered in term of decision making, greater autonomy and ownership etc. Transformational Leadership, Employee Attitude and Job Commitment: According to Kelloway, E, K and Barling Julian (2000) the concept that the transformational leadership which consists of the four important dimensions of Individual consideration, Intellectual stimulation, Inspirational motivation and Charisma is now well established in the literature (Avolio, 1999; Bass, 1985; 1990; 1998; Conger and Kanungo, 1987; House, 1977). Problems are also identified by various authors in the measurement of transformational leadership (e.g., Bycio et al., 1995; Carless, 1998) and there is enough support as well for the transformational leadership in relation to efficiency, production, quality and other attitude related to outcomes. The employees behaviour towards organization in terms of job commitment (Barling et al., 1996; Bycio et al., 1995), fairness sense in the organization (Pillai et al., 1999), trust in leader (Pillai et al., 1999; Podsakoff et al., 1995), satisfaction with job and with leader (Hater and Bass, 1988; Koh et al., 1995) etc are also linke d with the transformational leadership. Role of Leadership and Leader-member exchange: According to Jean Lee (2005) the most comprehensive theory is the multi-factor leadership theory that holds a range of leadership behaviours (Jean Lee, 2005). Transformational leaders enhance the relationship with their employees in such a way that prove more than an economic and social exchange. The current studies have revealed that the relationship of transformational leadership is related to effective efforts (Jean Lee, 2005), leaders satisfaction and trust (Jean Lee, 2005) and to the employees respect for the leader (Conger et al., 2000). The transformational leadership style creates a meaningful exchange, remove status barrier and physical distances between leader and employees. They also maximize the level of exchange with their employees (Jean Lee, 2005). By setting themselves as a role model for employees transformational leader enhance the level of trust and contribution because the employees feel that their leader is sacrificing and taking risks for the benefits of the gro up or team (Jean Lee, 2005). From the above data it can be observed that transformational leadership has a positive association with affect, loyalty, contribution and professional respect. Role of Emotional Intelligence: According to Barling, j, Slater, F and Kelloway (2000), as it is obvious from the literature (Barling et al., 2000) that the theory of transformational leadership has gained more scrutiny and we now know that there is a close relationship between transformational leadership and employees satisfaction (Barling et al., 2000), job commitment and trust ( Barling et al., 2000) and further more it is linked with work unit performance (Barling et al., 2000). Some present studies are now emphasising on another component Emotional Intelligence which may induce leaders to adopt transformational attitude (EQ). According to Salovey and Mayer (1990) and Golman (1995, cited in Barling et al., 2000) the emotional intelligence consists of five features such as knowledge of ones emotions, the way of managing them, self control over own emotions ability to delay indulgence, and to manage the relationship. Golman argues that high emotional intelligence in a leader lead to use transformational behaviou rs because they know and have control over their own emotions and represent themselves as a role model for their workers which develops their trust in and honour for the leader. Secondly leader with high emotional intelligence knows about other emotions and they can easily judge the limits to which followers expectations could be improved. Another important factor of individualized consideration is that with emotional intelligence the leader understands their workers needs and they react to them accordingly that result in managing and enhancing relationship positively. Conclusion: Transformational leaders play a vital role in the success of organizations. By demonstrating individual consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and charismatic behaviour they create an ideal environment for their followers and subordinates in which the purpose of the individuals and/or group comes together in the best interest of the organization. In addition they promote the wellbeing of their followers and subordinates in terms of physical and mental health which in turn develops the trust and their satisfaction about the job as well as trust among the employees and in the leader. In return under the transformational leadership and a healthy environment the organizations enjoy the benefits of their healthy workforce in terms of best performance, productivity and profitability.

Essay example --

Grace Stafford Mr. Tappy English 1-2 9 December 2013 The Darkness of Ambition President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s wife Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"Ambition is pitiless. Any merit that it cannot use it finds despicable.† Ambition can be an emotion that can drive people to madness and this character flaw is seen in William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth. Macbeth is about a Scottish Thane that decides to kill the King of Scotland to get the crown. This murder starts a chain of evil acts by Macbeth because he doesn’t know how to handle his ambition. By the end of the play the reader learns that ambition was really Macbeth’s downfall. In the renowned play Macbeth, Macbeth’s character flaw of ambition causes him to self destruct over anything else. At the very beginning of the play Macbeth is already starting to be overtaken by his yearning for power. Macbeth’s ambition starts to blind him when three witches tell him that he will be Thane of Cawdor and King. The reader can see his desire for power begin to grow and blind him in this quote, â€Å"This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor,† (Act I.Scene III.134-137). This quote explains how Macbeth thinks how could killing the King be bad or good? If anything the witches say is bad then why am I Thane of Cawdor? If he wanted to do the right thing he wouldn’t even think about killing King Duncan. Ambition is already starting to show as his flaw. Later into the act, Macbeth’s lust for power comes into full swing when he decides that he will kill Duncan. This lust blinds him to what he really should do. The audience can see this greed in this quote, â€Å"If it wer... ...eactions of ambition such as lying, cheating, and stealing to get ahead. Everyone has flaws but very few peoples’ flaws end in their destruction. This ,however, is not the case in Macbeth. The main character, Macbeth, uses his flaw of ambition and ends up getting killed for it. His ambition starts out small such as just thinking of the idea of killing Duncan but then turns into to actually killing him. After that, he kills his friends,innocent women and children, and he brings pain and suffering unto his country. However, in the end he is finally able to see that he has been blinded and he hasn’t taken the right path. Like when Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"Ambition is pitiless. Any merit that it cannot use it finds despicable.† Ambition doesn’t pity anyone and it devours every good aspect of people. Macbeth is a famous example of what ambition can do to a person.

Dissolved Oxygen Lab #1 Assignment Essay

Determine which of the following observations are testable. For those that are testable: †¢ Write a hypothesis and null hypothesis †¢ What would be your experimental approach? †¢ What are the dependant and independent variables? †¢ What is your control? †¢ How will you collect data? †¢ How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)? †¢ How will you analyze your data? 1. When a plant is placed on a window sill, it grows faster than when it is placed on a coffee table in the middle of the living room. . The teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eyes is taller than the other tellers. 3. I caught four fish at seven o’ clock in the morning but didn’t catch any at noon. 4. The salaries at Smith and Company are based on the number of sales and Billy makes 3,000 dollars more than Joe. 5. When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is lower than when she does not exercise and eats fatty foods. 6. The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at 10 pm. 7. Bob bought a new blue shirt with a golf club on the back for twenty dollars. 8. For the past two days the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 3:15 pm. 9. George did not sleep at all last night because he was up finishing his paper. 10. Ice cream melts faster on a warm summer day than on a cold winter day. 11. How can you apply scientific method to an everyday problem? Give one example.

Narrative Links in Holes Essay

In kissing Kate’s narrative, she used to make delicious and sweet peach jam. In Stanley and Zero’s narrative, they found and ate kissing Kate’s peach jam ( sploosh ) In Stanley Yelnats III’s narrative, his invention smells like peaches. God’s thumb In Sam’s narrative, Sam had his onion fields on top of God’t thumb. In Stanley Yelnats I narrative, He was left stranded in the desert, found his way to God’s Thumb and the spring. When Stanley Yelnats VI escaped Camp Green Lake to find Zero, they made their way to God’s thumb also. Stanley and Zero ate sweet onions that were still growing by the spring. Trainers  In Stanley Yelnats III narrative, Stanley Yelnats III is an inventor trying to find a way to recycle old trainers. In Stanley Yelnats IV narrative, He got the blame and got arrested by cops because of a pair of stinky trainers that fell on his head from â€Å"the sky†. He thought that the old trainers was â€Å"destiny’s shoes† In Zero’s narrative, Zero took the trainers in the homeless shelter. He didn’t know that the shoes were Clyde Livingston’s nor did he know that what he did was stealing. He got scared and put the famous shoes on top of a parked car when people were going crazy about the missing shoes Zero took. Later the trainers fall off the car and dropped on Stanley’s head, making him think that the shoes fell from the sky. Onions In Sam’s narrative, He sold sweet onions, products and medicines made from his onions In Stanley and Zeros narrative, they ate onions to survive. The onions saved Zero from dying from eating bad food. A boat called Mary Lou was build by Sam. He named the boat after his donkey. He had put kissing Kate barlow’s peach jam inside the boat. In Zero and Stanley’s narrative, They found the peach jam an old boat called Mary Lou and ate it.

Sumner, Wilson, Reagan, and Obama

Sumner, Wilson, Reagan, and Obama Apart from the constitution, one important area where several leaders differ is in the area of the role of government to its citizenry. In this regard, opinions have been divided from those on the extreme ends of the divide to those treading the middle ground. William Graham is one such voice who believed that the government is bad for the freedom of the American citizens.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Sumner, Wilson, Reagan, and Obama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A contrary opinion was given by Woodrow Wilson who did not just believe in the nobility of a government but demonstrated through creation of strong institutions that indeed the government has a role to play in chatting forward the citizen’s agenda. In this work, I take the view that while government has at time proven to be the very burden, the citizens need to be protected from, when run in line with the constitution and with a seri es of critical checks and balances, the government can be a masterful servant of the people (Dolbeare and Cummings, 2010). The American history is rich on philosophies and thoughts on modes of governance. The past is an embodiment of several differing points of view concerning governance and other related policy issues. It is indeed a study in intrigues looking at the great minds that determined the American thought process. In essence, America has a great constitution almost paralleled by none all over the world. It must truly be the emergence of these different opinions that informed the cautious, yet generous give and take that characterized the constitutionalism process. This is indeed was the view shared by our fore fathers and the great founders of our nation as envisaged in the constitution. The truth is that the founders of our great nation did not liberate us to leave the citizens to the whims of the raging winds of developing ideas. Much as our collective responsibility an d personal responsibility has been the pillars of our great state. We remain great because of a sense of unity. There is no other means of uniting American citizens more than under one national flag. It is the evidence of the philosophy of democracy as a government of the people by the people for the people (Dolbeare and Cummings, 2010).Advertising Looking for critical writing on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is our action as a united government that has enabled America to stand firm during and after periods of great challenges and peril. In the face of a growing threat from the Soviet Union and the worst depression America has ever had, it was the rallying of the American people through the brave acts of the federal government that President Reagan achieved a turnaround of the economy. In 2013, in Obama’s second inauguration, the circumstances were almost as similar as those of the early 1980 s. His appeal to the American citizens to rise up and reclaim their place in the world has contributed to the positive signs of recovery currently being witnessed (Obama, 2013). Even though William Graham had been vehement in his tearing into the idea of democracy and equality among the American citizenry, his appeal does not make sense in the face of the very foundations of the constitution. If we have to revert the ideals embodied in the American constitution, then we must agree that the people may not always be right but we must protect that individual right to be different on a foundation of equality. It is important though that a government must be able to take care of its citizens. In the absence of strong controls, governments have a tendency to be plutocratic and such a stance may erode the very benefits governments are supposed to protect (Dolbeare and Cummings, 2010). References Dolbeare, K.M., Cummings, M. S. (2010). American Political Thought (6th ed.). Washington, D.C. : CQ Press. Obama, B. (2013). Second Inaugural Address. Retrieved from https://www.bartleby.com/124/pres69.html

Monsanto case study Essays

Monsanto case study Essays Monsanto case study Essay Monsanto case study Essay At this point Monsanto is one of the pioneers who successfully developed and patented presides over genetically change crops seeds. There is no doubt that companies must operate for profit and as much of this profit the company is able to accumulate that how good company really is. In order to fulfill wants of every stockholder Monsanto company should not exist. It would be virtually impossible to cover and respond every complain, an argument that ay arise from dissatisfaction. On the other hand businesses should be organized and run in such a way that will allow to give greater benefits for the entire societies. At this point, Monsanto company should me more involved in the any community event that company can prove and explore any potential danger and consequence of genetic food approach. The argument that genetically improved food supply can be much more available for the countries of the third world where every day hundreds of people are dying simply because of the limited access to the food supplies. Question 3 The Monsanto development without any question revolutionized entire world this is a fact, but the question that arise is if we humans can and know how to use this great discovery for the greatness of humanity. As the biggest dream of every marketer to have a product that is superior above others and have advantages that nobody can beat marketers probably would realize that them Job is complete and product will successfully sell itself, this is not true. As in every aspect of the business there always will be minimum two opposite sides of discussion and argument. For instance, especially in the hard business rules other competitors in order to minimize them loses will try to discredited the newest invention of others and give to it the entire etiquette of bad, not healthy, danger. We can imagine millions of farmers who thanks to the invention with the same amount of labor can receive twice as much of the craps as it used to be possible before. There is lots of to talk while focusing on food products because we as a society all expect to receive as best, healthiest products Seibel, but at the same time we are seeking for the best prices possible. At this the numbers that were not ever believed to exist. Is the biologically change food healthy? As we are all leaving in the recent world and the scale of air pollutions, environmental disasters and others are not really creating such a healthy environment for humans; therefore, I dont really believe that genetic food is bad. Maybe it does not have all of the minerals and vitamins as others product but for sure it is a great replacement that can solve the problem of the hunger all over the world.

Avoid Capital Offenses When Using Job Titles

Avoid Capital Offenses When Using Job Titles Avoid Capital Offenses When Using Job Titles Avoid Capital Offenses When Using Job Titles By Mark Nichol When it comes to mechanical aspects of writing, few details seem to trip writers up as much as capitalization: when to use uppercase letters, and when to use lowercase letters. Specific job titles preceding a person’s name are capitalized, but descriptions are not. For example, â€Å"Marketing Director John Doe† is correct, but â€Å"Marketing Chief John Doe† is not, unless â€Å"marketing chief† is John Doe’s actual title. After a name, titles are lowercase regardless of whether they are specific or general: â€Å"John Doe, marketing director at ABC Industries.† If you modify even a specific job title, such as noting that someone no longer holds a position, what appears to be specific becomes an apposition, part of a job description rather than a title: â€Å"former marketing director John Doe.† Some style guides disregard this last rule, and some publications choose to capitalize â€Å"president† when referring to the head of state even when the word appears in isolation from the title holder’s name, but this is an unnecessary nicety. Likewise, ordinary job titles in isolation are never capitalized. For example, the job title in â€Å"The park ranger asked for our permit† is a mere description, and needs no emphasis. Job titles are at times absurdly attenuated, and placing them before a person’s name can wear readers out. Confronted with a magnificent moniker like â€Å"Oracle Principal Product Manager for Windows Technologies John Doe,† relax the identification a bit: â€Å"John Doe, Oracle’s principal product manager for Windows technologies† (the proper name Windows remains capitalized even after the name), is a gentler approach. Capitalization of job titles and general descriptions alike is permitted in direct address when you are writing to someone (or transcribing a speech directed at them) and using the title or description in place of a name: â€Å"That’s an order, Sergeant†; â€Å"I’ll get right on it, Chief.† Capitalize formal and informal family-relationship labels, too, as in â€Å"If only Father were here† and â€Å"I’ll tell Mom!† but not in â€Å"Wait until your father gets home!† or â€Å"I saw your mom yesterday.† Terms of endearment aren’t capitalized, either: â€Å"I’ll get it, dear.† Most terms of respect are capitalized (â€Å"I object, Your Honor†), but â€Å"sir† or â€Å"ma’am†/†miss† are not (unless you are addressing a letter or an email, in which case you should write â€Å"Dear Sir† or the equivalent). The take-away about titles: Capitalization is seldom called for. Unless you’re using a person’s exact job title, and only the job title, immediately before that person’s name, chances are you shouldn’t capitalize it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives40 Fish IdiomsThe "Pied" in The Pied Piper

Astronomy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Astronomy - Research Paper Example The moon allows and sustains life on Earth, affects its tides daily and though not a mystery to the same degree as it had been throughout all of history, it continues to inspire the imagination and much remains to be learned of Earth’s closest celestial neighbor. Today, people more or less look upon the moon as ‘eye candy’ and pay little attention to its cycles. This was not the case for our ancestors who carefully monitored its movements. Several calendars of ancient civilizations were based on the cycles of the moon and some are currently such as the Islamic calendar. The date of the Chinese New Year is set by the cycle of the moon. The Sun was used by man until relatively recently to measure short intervals of time but the moon was judged more reliable for longer time measurements. What is commonly known as a month is based on the 29-day cycle of the moon. The term ‘month’ is derived from the term ‘moonth.’ â€Å"Without the moon†™s cycle we might have ended up with a very different way of keeping track of time, and we most probably would have called it something other than a month† (Miles & Peters, 2001). The Christian celebration of Easter is calculated by determining the first Sunday following the first occurrence of a ‘full’ moon subsequent to the beginning of the Spring Equinox. The reason for this is that Christians had traditionally used the light of the ‘full’ moon to aid in their pilgrimage to their holy lands for Easter. Though the moon is the closest object to Earth and has been explored by man, questions remain regarding its exact origins and whether or not life ever existed on or within it or if it could sustain life. It was discovered more than a century ago that the moon’s density is less then Earth’s. Galileo noticed craters on the moon’s surface through the use of the telescope in the 1600’s. Currently, more is known about the moo n than any other celestial body, knowledge that was inconceivable until recent times (Hamilton, 2005). Prior to the common use of telescopes, when the moon was viewed unaided, all that could be discerned were two distinct kinds of topography, dark and bright areas configured in a way that produced the illusion of the ‘Man in the Moon.’ This myth was likely known as just that to most persons of the world but before recent times it was not known that the dark areas were produced by the violent impacts of asteroids hitting the moon many hundreds of million years ago. These primordial impacts on the lunar surface played a large part in reshaping the moon’s appearance and could explain why there are two large protrusions on the surface of the moon. â€Å"New analysis reveals that shock waves from some of the moon’s early asteroid impacts traveled through the lunar interior, triggering volcanic eruptions on the moon’s opposite side. Molten magma spewed o ut from the deep interior and flooded the lunar landscape† (Than, 2006). The cooled magma created the familiar dark areas which are termed ‘lunar seas.’ These dark areas unite to form the ‘face’ of the moon. The Man in the Moon’s eyes have been labeled â€Å"’Mare Imbrium’ and ‘Mare Serenitatis’. The nose, ‘Sinus Aestuum’ and the mouth, which appears to be smiling, is a combination of the ‘Mare Cognitum’ and ‘Mare Nubium’† (Heiken et al, 1991). The Earth’s sky appears to be blue because its atmosphere diffracts light in such a way that produces this

The Process of Restructuring Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Process of Restructuring Business - Essay Example The several buyout funds that were interested in outright acquiring the firm would surely ensure a healthy payout to the shareholders however if these were sufficient to restructure the firm was unclear. Also, they would restrict the role of the founders. This led to a second option which was to attain leveraged recapitalization, as suggested by investment bankers. The downside of this option was the large scale of indebtedness and transactional complexity. This leads us to the most viable option for Fojtasek suggested in shape of a hybrid transaction by a private equity group from Boston, Heritage Partners; with the agreement leading to lower debt levels, control for the family, and majority ownership for existing shareholders. In July 1995, Randall Fojtasek—in partnership with Heritage Partners—undertook a considerable restructuring. The first step in this process of restructuring was acquiring Bishop Manufacturing, a vinyl window manufacturer in Northeast. This was seventeen months later sold to Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, a private equity firm in the United States that specializes in leveraged buyouts. At a 45% premium to the original purchase price the shareholder’s profited from the transaction and a small amount was reinvested into the firm. Heritage partners, also known as, Partners International (HPI) is a senior-level executive search and consulting firm that focuses on delivering superior work to a select group of clients globally in the life sciences industry. During the undertaking of the transaction, they were concentrating their efforts in raising follow-on funds of about 300 $ million. They were successful in their efforts and raised the amount from a variety of institutional investors such as Brinson Partners, the General Motors Investment Management Company, and the private equity arm of the Princeton endowment, Nassau Capital. It appears that Randall Fojtasek in the late 90’s had overcome the dilemma regarding the company he had faced in 95. Not only had he managed to remain CEO of the firm, now renamed to Atrium Companies but had also managed to retain a large equity stake in the firm.

Biographies of Ronald Reagan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biographies of Ronald Reagan - Essay Example Though he questions the rationality of Reagan’s policies, he welcomes how his method and political capacity reassured the country and in varied dimensions changed the nation’s political course. He further argues that, Reagan failed to realize his targets. However, he managed to reduce expenditure, taxes, arrears, and size of administration. Furthermore, he instigated a course of change in varied areas that persist to direct the liaison between commonplace Americans and the organization that administer them. The country has undergone a Reagan revolution in many facets of administrational and legal policy. He labeled a ‘big administration’ as a problem. He also made attempts to endorse a conservative social ethic. He changed the lingo and content of U.S. politics in a conservative direction. He brought many devout, scholarly and economic conservatives into the state’s political mainstream. Charles Dunn investigates into the opinionated legacy of Reagan ’s confirmation and rise of his political rank in a democratic system. Reagan at all times presented himself as a commonplace American native in office. He was an ethical and an efficient leader. This efficient leader was also practical, flexible, and at times treacherous. He further describes him as an independent politician. He ventured into politics, not for fame, but due to his firm innate beliefs. This made his political regime has an outstanding appeal even in the worst of situations. Reagan was an efficient communicator who upheld to fundamental principles.

The Tiebout Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Tiebout Model - Essay Example The main finding included the fact that inter-jurisdictional competition is a vital element of the mechanism. The key players in Tiebout’s model are individual citizens and governments. business firms are not an explicit part of the model (Brueckner 2004, p 138). It was meant to be applied to local governments and to a lesser degree, to state governments. The model assumes citizens have full knowledge of government revenue and expenditure packages, that there are a large number of communities among which individuals can choose to live, and that people will opt for the community that best satisfies their preferences. Moreover, the model assumes that government services exhibit no spillover effects (Billings 2008, p 45). Tiebout’s model made three additional assumptions; one, that jobs impose no locational constraint on individuals; two, that a community’s optimal size, meaning the size for which the average cost of producing a particular packages of public service s is minimized, can be determined; and three, that each community seeks to attain its optimal size (Feiock 2004, p. 76). The model envisions citizens sorting themselves out among available communities so that demands for government services within any particular community would become homogenous. In theory, Tiebout concluded that to the extent these rather restrictive assumptions are met, good and services provided by the local public sector will exhibit both allocative efficiency (the right amounts of the various good and services are produced ) and productive efficiency (they are produced at least cost) (Rivkin 2001, p. 206). In Tiebout’s model, community taxes would be benefit taxes, or proportional to the benefits citizens receive form public services, rather than taxes based on the ability to pay. Tiebout’s model implies that any redistribution of income is taken care of by the federal government (Rivkin 2001, p. 207). Despite all the pros of the Tiebout model, va rious changes in the finance systems of local governments over the last three decades, such as fiscal centralization, work against the establishment of Tiebout effects. This uniformity is undesirable and future reforms should target to encourage a greater diversity of service provision. Competition among local governments, cities and municipalities, as depicted in Tiebout’s model, most at times serve to improve efficiency and delivery of service and goods to the citizens. Based on Tiebout’s model, where there is competition, citizens will come together to take care of all types of demands for public goods and service (Widmer & Zweifel 2008, p. 5). Moreover, individuals will relocate to communities that best meets their demand for public goods and services and the productivity is improved and more efficient since shady and/ ineffective providers of public services and goods will not get any clients. Tiebout model has all the benefits of a competitive market (Feiock 2004 , p. 97). According to Tiebout, it is clear that decentralization of provision of public goods and services results in a positive influence on performance. The rationale is that citizens will procure from the providers who give them the best quotient between public service and tax paid. In a study on fiscal equalization, where disparities among local

Telephony Application and VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol Dissertation

Telephony Application and VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol - Dissertation Example Although VoIP has been commendable in replacing PSTN, its application is not without drawbacks based on security and privacy of voice call information and impacts on quality of service. This paper evaluates and explains VoIP in detail in order to understand its functions, advantages, disadvantages, VoIP protocols and, best protocols for VoIP application. The research reveals Session Initiation Protocol or SIP as the best protocol given that it is easier to secure and sustain the quality of VoIP service. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I thank my parents for their support in my pursuit of a college education. I am grateful for their unfading support financially and emotionally. I also thank my instructor, who since I decided on this topic, has been a great source of encouragement, supervision, and academic counseling. Without your sincere support, the completion of this paper would not have been feasible. I thank you once again. I also thank my classmate and friend Yasir who has been of much appreciate assistance in ensuring that I intensely research the topic and obtain detailed relevant material for use in this paper. My gratitude to you is beyond words. Finally, I thank everyone, who in any little way has assisted me in research, drafting the manuscript and whose support has remained untainted throughout the process. I thank you all and many blessings. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 Chapter One 6 Introduction to the Problem 6 Technology is advancing every day; included in that technological advancement is the improvement of telephone capabilities. While most are familiar with modern cell phone and smart phone technology, voice over internet protocol, or VoIP, is also a technological improvement, with regards to telephoning that should be considered. 6 Traditional telephony, or telephone technology, according to Meggelen, Smith and Madsen is the technology associated with the transmission of voice, fax, video or other form of information, electronic ally (2009). Such transfer involves parties located long distances apart and who are using systems originally linked with telephone. A telephone device is characterized by a transmitter or speaker on one side and a receiver on the other. The telephone science involves translation of sound or voice signal into electrical signals then transmitting them and translating them into sound signal at the destination. In the modern world, Meggelen, Smith and Madsen, point out that computer hardware and software assumes the roles that telephones used to (2009). Commendable changes in telephony were achieved by the arrival of computers, transmission of digital information over telephone systems and utilization of radio for transmission of telephone signals. 6 Internet telephony is the utilization of internet infrastructure and related technology instead of traditional telephone infrastructure to exchange voice, sound or other information transferable through telephone (MacKnight, Lehr & Clark, 2001). With internet telephony, telephone access is affordable at local connection rates. As a result, any long distance or international calls are much less expensive compared to the traditional call set up (Rouse, 2008). 6 The inception of the internet has led to the development of several new services, three

Literture Review of 2 Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literture Review of 2 Articles - Essay Example According to previous researchers, the supplementary schools aim at developing the ethnic and cultural identity of the child, as well as boost their self-esteem and confidence. Another major aim of the schools is to ensure the good performance of minority and ethnic children that school in state-maintained schools. Through obtaining data from electronic databases of the British Education Index (BEI) and Education resources Information center, ERIC, the study researches on the aims of the supplementary schooling programs. The research uses questionnaires for purposes of investigating the thoughts of the young people on the supplementary education. The outcome of the research is that there was the establishment that the pupils were happy with the supplementary education to a higher extent than their satisfaction with the mainstream education system. In the article on early childhood special education, the main aim of the research was in exploring the different ways in which teachers of the early childhood special education can support the social behaviors of the children in the context of their preschool classes. In the research design, there was the collection of data from six children in a natural classroom observation. The researchers coded the data from the children and analyzed it for emergent themes contained in a qualitative framework. Among the outcomes of the research revealed the fact that there existed a variety of behaviors and strategies applied by teachers of the early childhood special education. These strategies helped the teachers and their assistants to respond in a social manner to the children in their classrooms. In surveying the views of the pupils attending the supplementary schools in England, the researchers were conducting the first part of a major and wider research project that intended on evaluating the role of the

Telephony Application and VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol Dissertation

Telephony Application and VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol - Dissertation Example Although VoIP has been commendable in replacing PSTN, its application is not without drawbacks based on security and privacy of voice call information and impacts on quality of service. This paper evaluates and explains VoIP in detail in order to understand its functions, advantages, disadvantages, VoIP protocols and, best protocols for VoIP application. The research reveals Session Initiation Protocol or SIP as the best protocol given that it is easier to secure and sustain the quality of VoIP service. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I thank my parents for their support in my pursuit of a college education. I am grateful for their unfading support financially and emotionally. I also thank my instructor, who since I decided on this topic, has been a great source of encouragement, supervision, and academic counseling. Without your sincere support, the completion of this paper would not have been feasible. I thank you once again. I also thank my classmate and friend Yasir who has been of much appreciate assistance in ensuring that I intensely research the topic and obtain detailed relevant material for use in this paper. My gratitude to you is beyond words. Finally, I thank everyone, who in any little way has assisted me in research, drafting the manuscript and whose support has remained untainted throughout the process. I thank you all and many blessings. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 Chapter One 6 Introduction to the Problem 6 Technology is advancing every day; included in that technological advancement is the improvement of telephone capabilities. While most are familiar with modern cell phone and smart phone technology, voice over internet protocol, or VoIP, is also a technological improvement, with regards to telephoning that should be considered. 6 Traditional telephony, or telephone technology, according to Meggelen, Smith and Madsen is the technology associated with the transmission of voice, fax, video or other form of information, electronic ally (2009). Such transfer involves parties located long distances apart and who are using systems originally linked with telephone. A telephone device is characterized by a transmitter or speaker on one side and a receiver on the other. The telephone science involves translation of sound or voice signal into electrical signals then transmitting them and translating them into sound signal at the destination. In the modern world, Meggelen, Smith and Madsen, point out that computer hardware and software assumes the roles that telephones used to (2009). Commendable changes in telephony were achieved by the arrival of computers, transmission of digital information over telephone systems and utilization of radio for transmission of telephone signals. 6 Internet telephony is the utilization of internet infrastructure and related technology instead of traditional telephone infrastructure to exchange voice, sound or other information transferable through telephone (MacKnight, Lehr & Clark, 2001). With internet telephony, telephone access is affordable at local connection rates. As a result, any long distance or international calls are much less expensive compared to the traditional call set up (Rouse, 2008). 6 The inception of the internet has led to the development of several new services, three

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History - Assignment Example Townshend Acts were pursuing the goal to tighten British control over the colonies’ trade. It specifically imposed some restrictions on the imported goods such as: tea, paper, glass, etc. In order to keep judges and governors independent from the colonial rule the Parliament decided to pay their salaries from the tax revenues obtained with the help of the Townshend Acts. In this case Britain tried to create an effective enforcement mechanism and keep controlling colonial trade and seas. At the same time Stamp Act failure proved that the British Parliament could not impose its decisions on the internal regulations in the colonies. It was difficult to resist this act since colonies heavily relied on trade relationships with Britain, and in this case Britain had an advantage and could dictate their rules. At the same time the colonial resistance was disorganized, there was no single political leader. 3. Why did colonists dump tea in Boston Harbor? What particular aspect of the Te a Act was most objectionable? After the Townshend Acts were approved the conflict between the colonies and British government escalated. The Tea Act of 1773 favored monopolization of the tea market; only the East India Company was entitled to carry tea from auctions in London and distribute it in the colonies. Clearly this decision was not welcomed in the colonies. Since tea was the subject of taxation under the Act, every ship had to pay this tax for the British government when arrived to the American port. Americans disagreed and claimed that only the legitimately elected colonial representative could impose taxation on them. The protest movement was able to prevent ships with tea from three main harbors. However in Boston the situation escalated: the Royal Governor allowed the tea cargo in the port and refused to return it to the British. In this situation protesters preferred to destroy the tea by throwing it into the water rather than complying with the British rules and pay ta xes for it. Boston Tea Party became a symbol of the resistance movement in the US. 4. How did the French effect the outcome of the American Revolution? France played a crucial role in the American Revolutionary War from Britain, the old French enemy. French society perceived this war as a war against the British oppression. France was able to support Americans by providing them with arms and troops even though it was not their initial goal. After the war period France was able to reinforce its image of the strong country, even thought French economy was affected by the military expenses. Hopes of the French government to become the main trade partner for the US fell short of expectations. 5. What became of the Indian nations east of the Mississippi River after the Revolution? How were they treated by the new American Government? After the Revolution a newly created American government followed the British example by controlling the Indians east of the Mississippi River. However the British tried to maintain peace and create special areas for Indians, the new government was interested in extensive colonization of the lands that belonged to Native Americans. Native American communities were disintegrated and their opinions split over which side they should stand for. The United States tried to assimilate Native Americans into their society. However Indians were hugely discriminated and later on the new government initiated relocation of Indians into the lands east of Mississippi River in 1830. By doing so they cleared the

The annual budgeting process has been criticised

The annual budgeting process has been criticised The annual budgeting process has been criticised as a cumbersome process which occupies considerable management time; concentrating unduly on short term financial control; having undesirable effects on motivation of managers; emphasising formal organisation structure. Introduction A budget is a quantitative measurable long term plan with specified corporate goals set to be achieved within a specific time period. The annual budget is usually divided into sub-plans usually quarterly and is based on an annual strategic business plan. It is formulated by following a process that requires careful analysis and evaluation of organizational objectives, alternatives, strategic options, decisions and actions and implementation of objectives as well as monitoring of results. The comprehensive nature of the budgeting process thus require participation of managers and executives who are responsible for the planning of actual operations, coordination of activities, communication of plans to responsibility centres; motivate managers to achieve budget goals; controlling activities; and evaluating performance. In all of these processes and activities, one notices the conflicting roles of budgets that involve planning, motivation and performance evaluation (Drury 2004). Due to these conflicting roles of budgets, in the recent years critics are of the opinion that the annual budget process is merely a waste of resource and a burden to management rather than enabling them to control their management environment. In the following discussion the researcher shall discuss the factors concerned and offers some recommendation for improvement of the annual budget process. Discussion a. Management time consumption Conventional annual budget process is a quantified plan prepared and approved to define the course of action and activities to be carried out during a specified time period utilizing certain amount of resources to achieve given objectives (Drury 2004). The process deals with projection of activities, contingencies, strategies and interaction of processes within an organization. Budgets are also controls in the planning process to ensure the organization does not deviate from its financial and operational goals. These activities and processes require extensive analysis of organizational processes; plans for targets to be achieved by individual departments and by the overall organization; and results expected to be achieved etc. Consequently, one observes that the annual budgeting process is a complex and tedious process that requires top management directives and participation of lower management and staffs. Not only this but according to Jeremy Hope and Robin Fraser (2003) the tradit ional budget process require four to five months for completion and efforts of 20 to 30 percent of the manager's time. Furthermore, traditional budgeting is based on incremental budgeting whereby expenditures or revenue estimations are based the increments on the previous outcomes, and does not necessarily reflect the need of the environment in which the firm operates resulting in unachievable targets and undesirable outcomes. To resolve modern day organizations are focussing more on rolling forecasts and driver based budgeting models which are concentrated on participation and usage of drivers that operate the organization (Hunt 2003). b. Short financial control Another aspect of the annual budget process is that it is divided and based on quarterly objectives and results. Whether the organization is segmented into profit centres; cost centres; revenue or investment centres, the basic premise is that each of these centres are responsible for the designated outcome set by the annual budget. The overall outcome is estimated based on the quarterly results. The objective for quarterly results is to enable management to estimate expected results at the end of the year and also to use budgets as financial controls to counteract deviation, if there are any before the situation proliferate out of hand. Yet this very factor not only takes up a lot of management time but it also forces managers to dedicate significant time to target achievements, financial objectives and compliance with the process therein instead of concentrating on management excellence. c. Undesirable effect on manager motivation The pressure to deliver as Hope and Fraser (2003) note force managers and their teams to concentrate on sales targets; customers order of goods whether they want it or not; and achieve financial objectives. There is less and less time for managers to concentrate on team building; motivation; performance level; evaluation; or even time for designing effective and productive departmental structure to achieve better results. For this reason budgeting process tend to motivate managers to set their objectives to financial objectives and deliverables rather than on working as a team. The managers are thus the gatekeepers while the team members are forced to become dissociated from the organization's structure. d. Emphasis on formal organizational structure Given the emphasis on extensive and detailed planning at the departmental level, it is imperative that organizations have formal structure so that budgeting process can be integrated into the forecasting and goal achievement activities. Formal organizational structure is also required for building and approving budgets through communication and coordination. Managers are therefore expected to align day to day activities with organizational strategies and budgets in order to achieve the desired objectives. Without a formal organizational structure, it would be difficult for the management to have a control over operational activities and financial consequences therein. Conclusion Given the above discussion, the researcher deduce that the annual budgeting process is a tedious process that eats up the time of management and lower staff alike without much productivity. The reason for this low productivity despite well planned budgeting is because of the long process that entails and the nature of the budgeting process. Budgeting from a top down approach is usually an imposition rather than participation. In modern day organization participation of team members, managers and supervisors with the top management is imperative for efficient operation. Dictated objectives and plans do not help in this regard. For this reason many organizations are changing their approach to budgeting by focussing on operational outcomes and inputs to fixate targets reinforced by incentives rather than outlined targets to be achieved without any motivation. As McGregor indicate in his Theory X/Y human beings are liable to work better if their desired motivation are in place (2005) and they are satisfied. Similarly, effective organizational planning in the form of budgets should be based on firm's ability to respond to change and more importantly on the satisfaction of those who are responsible for carrying out the plans. Increased participation not only encourages responsibility but also makes accountability easier as individuals feel they are responsible for the operational outcomes. They are not bogged by the imposed accountability (Hunt 2003). References McGregor, D. 2005, The Human Side of Enterprise, Annotated Edition. McGraw-Hill. Drury, C., 2004, Management and Cost Accounting, London: Thompson Business Press, 6th Edition. Hope, J. and Fraser, R. Feb 2003, Trash The Budget. Optimize, Issue 22. Hunt, S. Aug 2003, Budgets Roll With The Times. Optimize, Issue 22.

Brazil Facts Essay -- Brazil

Brazil Introduction You probably heard of Brazil but, do you know much about it? Brazil is a beautiful place or country, in South America. It’s great for tourists’ sites; it has amazing land features, and especially cool culture and history. Brazil has a tremendous amount of nature and folktale. Brazil was found actually, over 8,000 years ago. The Portuguese were the first European settlers to arrive there. The journey was led by Pedro Cabral who began in the 1500s. When they finally got there they found Native Americans living there. They were around the seven millions. Now over the thousands of years Brazil has literally transformed into modern day. Brazil is the Federal Republic of Brazil. Brazil is in South America and is the largest country there. It’s the fifth largest country in the whole world. Brazil may be the fifth largest country but, it’s the sixth largest nation or population. The population in Brazil is 186 million and the life expectancy for men is 68 years old, for women its 76. In 1494, Pope Alexander VI gave Brazil to Portugal. Then in 1762, Rio De Jan...

The Future of Small Science Essay -- Nanoscience Technology Essays

The Future of Small Science In the last few years, nanotechnology has become a craze within the science community, even though its almost completely theoretical nature makes it an industry of potential, rather than results. But in the United States, faith in its future, backed by a government four-year plan to spend $3.7 billion on nanotechnology research, a host of entrepreneurial businesses have sprung up with â€Å"nano† written somewhere in their mission statements. Basically defined only as the manipulation of particles on the nano scale (i.e., extremely small), the fundamental science for nanotechnology has been around since 1918, when physicist Max Planck helped create the theories of quantum physics. But without precision equipment, these theories could not be tested, and until recently no applications could be developed for this new and intriguing science. Now, the term nanotechnology is used to encompass new techniques and applications made real by advanced equipment. And it isn’t only businesses fighting to stay ahead in the race for mass-production of these newly possible devices, but many competitive schools, with Massachusetts universities being main players in the State’s world-renowned nano research. Northeastern University has been a serious player in the nanotech field since 2001, when the Kostis Donation gave $200,000 to fund continued nanotechnology research. Now, with a $12.4 million grant received this March from the National Science Foundation, split mainly between two other New England universities – the University of New Hampshire and UMASS Lowell – Northeastern has big plans for the future of the very small. â€Å"It’s not a lot of money, but it attracts industry, and that’s what we need,† said A... ...reate each nano device leaves much room for error as well as being impractically slow. Nanoscience is a technology with its greatest potential not for creation, but improvement. It has caught the attention of such a large section of the market because miniaturization is such a versatile and widely desired concept; the medical world hopes to be able to use intelligently invasive nano devices to fight certain viruses within the human body; the computer chip industry could push its processors to unheard of speeds, as smaller chips mean less power, and thus what is considered hand-held technology today could become microscopic. And now with Northeastern positioning itself directly in the middle of what could be the greatest scientific revolution since the Theory of Relativity, this university could become a big force in a world becoming obsessed with the very small. The Future of Small Science Essay -- Nanoscience Technology Essays The Future of Small Science In the last few years, nanotechnology has become a craze within the science community, even though its almost completely theoretical nature makes it an industry of potential, rather than results. But in the United States, faith in its future, backed by a government four-year plan to spend $3.7 billion on nanotechnology research, a host of entrepreneurial businesses have sprung up with â€Å"nano† written somewhere in their mission statements. Basically defined only as the manipulation of particles on the nano scale (i.e., extremely small), the fundamental science for nanotechnology has been around since 1918, when physicist Max Planck helped create the theories of quantum physics. But without precision equipment, these theories could not be tested, and until recently no applications could be developed for this new and intriguing science. Now, the term nanotechnology is used to encompass new techniques and applications made real by advanced equipment. And it isn’t only businesses fighting to stay ahead in the race for mass-production of these newly possible devices, but many competitive schools, with Massachusetts universities being main players in the State’s world-renowned nano research. Northeastern University has been a serious player in the nanotech field since 2001, when the Kostis Donation gave $200,000 to fund continued nanotechnology research. Now, with a $12.4 million grant received this March from the National Science Foundation, split mainly between two other New England universities – the University of New Hampshire and UMASS Lowell – Northeastern has big plans for the future of the very small. â€Å"It’s not a lot of money, but it attracts industry, and that’s what we need,† said A... ...reate each nano device leaves much room for error as well as being impractically slow. Nanoscience is a technology with its greatest potential not for creation, but improvement. It has caught the attention of such a large section of the market because miniaturization is such a versatile and widely desired concept; the medical world hopes to be able to use intelligently invasive nano devices to fight certain viruses within the human body; the computer chip industry could push its processors to unheard of speeds, as smaller chips mean less power, and thus what is considered hand-held technology today could become microscopic. And now with Northeastern positioning itself directly in the middle of what could be the greatest scientific revolution since the Theory of Relativity, this university could become a big force in a world becoming obsessed with the very small.

Disastrous Date

There was this time I went out on a blind date. OK, not totally blind, because I'd met this guy on the Internet, and had sort of seen pictures. But this is back in the day when Internet dating only first kicked off and digital cameras weren't what they are now. Anyway, you get the picture – the photos weren't that clear. I thought it was a bit weird that when we were corresponding the guy kept on asking how tall I was, making a real big deal out of it. In one email he said he even got out a measuring tape to convert (I only knew in cm's and he only knew in feet).Well my question was answered when I arrived (a bit late) at the fancy restaurant he had booked for us – he was tiny. OK, not that I have a problem with short guys, but I'm short for a woman, and he wasn't much taller. That and the fact that the guy was old enough to be my grandfather – early 60's at least – I was in my early 20's. In emails prior to meeting up he'd said he was older, but didn't gi ve out any specifics. I quite like older men, so it wasn't really something on the forefront of my mind, and I just assumed he'd be in the age category I had specified in my profile criteria.Well, let me just say this, there's older men and then there's just old. And this also has a lot to do with how much a guy looks after himself, his dress sense, his outlook on life etc. Dinner was long, drawn out and awkward as hell. We had zero things in common and the guy was really boring and from a totally different world and generation to me. He also had this habit of making a sort of ‘hmmmm' sound when he looked at me across the table which was totally creepy. I'm not sure if it was a nervous tick or if he thought it was a sexy kind of thing to do.At one point I had a brief vision of those small old hands touching my bare skin and I wanted to run out of there screaming. If a friend had told me this I would have said to her, why didn't you just leave? And the thing is it was such a fa ncy place, with the whole three courses, plus little things here and there from the chef, that it just didn't feel right to up and leave after the starters. Also, although we were unsuited to each other, this guy had clearly gone through some trouble to book a nice place and make it special, and I felt it would have been rude to just leave him stranded there.Finally dinner came to an end and I couldn't wait to beat it out of there. Outside he hailed a taxi for me and said in the same weirdly creepy old guy trying to be sexy voice, â€Å"You know, I don't have to be up early tomorrow morning, unless of course you want to be my alarm clock? † To which I replied (nervously laughing), â€Å"You know, unfortunately I do – have to be up early that is, maybe next time. † Before beating a hasty retreat. I guess I didn't come off much better in the date either, because I didn't hear from him after that.

Exercise for Specific Groups

Product a leaflet which describes (Pl) the provision of exercise or 3 of the target groups you have studied: disabled people, antenatal, postnatal, older adults, children etc. The three gym sectors are Public local government which leisure centre Gym, Desires Gym, Southwest Gym etc. Another sector is the private provision which includes nationwide gyms such as DEW Sports Gym, Pure Gym, Oasis and Bayonets Gym. The final sector in the voluntary sector which may Just be a local Samba class this class will have very little cost involved and is not there to gain masses of profit.Before I research what each provision has to offer for the specific ropes I can have a rough idea for what they may offer. The gyms that are ran by the government may have a wider variety of classes as the government want everybody to get involved and they will employ people and invest money into getting a healthier population and include all groups in their classes to target all groups. Whereas private gyms are n ationwide and will have a lot of customers.They may look to offer classes towards wherever there is the most profit as they don't have government money so they can invest as much into specific groups if they can't get the customers, forever due to them having a lot of customers already from specific groups they may set up a proper class to meet their needs. The voluntary sector will have less money to fund the classes so they may only have a couple of classes or even Just one that can involve every if possible or the widest target area so they might be more of a struggle to find classes for specific groups.Pre Natal Women are restricted from how much exercise they can do and what type of exercise they can do. Many women may already go to the gym before they are pregnant so they will wish to continue their exercise and will want to look for classes that can suit their needs and not put them in any danger of damaging and injuring themselves whilst pregnant.. However other pre natal wo men may not have been to the gym before however they may want to start going to the gym while they are pregnant to keep them fit rather than Just sat down doing no exercise.It will be better for the baby which may attract them to use the gym and find out what classes there are at the gym. I am going to look at a variety of gyms from different sectors to find out what they can offer. All gyms have different aims and objectives and I will try to find out if any of the gyms have any aims to achieve through working with pre natal women. The benefits mean pre natal women will want to get into exercise and want to know what is available for them. DEW Sports Gym is a Private provision gym and is not involved or funded by any government.This gym doesn't advertise any specific exercise groups however they offer a wide range of group exercises. Not all classes would be available for pre natal women however there is some they will be able to take part in due to their condition. The exercises t hey can take part in are Palates and Aqua sessions. The majority of the sessions are in the 10:00 – 17:00 time slot which could be a problem as they may work through until the late stages of their pregnancy and the gym sessions are inside mainstream working hours.As these classes are not for specific groups the price of the class is included in your gym membership at the gym which is priced at EYE. O for a full membership including peak and off peak hour's access. Whereas Bloodworm gyms time slots for exercises classes that can involve pre natal women are in the evening making it easier for pre natal women to attend in case they have mainstream working ours. Here is a part of their timetable which shows both the Palates and Yoga classes that are available: no gym included and they usually only deliver one specific class.A popular example of this is Samba classes as they are often ran outside of gyms in leisure centers or village halls. For pre natal women I have found one cla ss in the local area called ‘Fit Bumps Fit Mums' they deliver pre natal yoga classes and Palate's classes. This class is designed specifically for pre natal women. In my opinion this is the best option for pre natal women in the local area as it is specific to them. They have evening sessions at SST Thomas church hall, they also have a session at west Knots collage.The sessions have to be paid for 6 weeks in advance and the cost is EYE. O this means it is roughly E each session which could be seen as more expensive however if you pay for a gym membership and use it once a week then you pay around EYE for 6 weeks' worth of membership. So it is near enough Just as much as gym session however it is much more specific exercise group with other people in the same situation, this gives pre natal women a chance to mix with each other and meet and socialist with new friends. All participants will be at the same level as well.Whereas at a gym there will be normal fit people taking part sop you may struggle to keep up with them. Post Natal Women will be going through a stage trying to get rid of their baby fat. Women on average should usually wait 6 Weeks before getting back into regular exercise, this will differ depending on how much exercise you took part in before child birth. For the women who attended the gym during pregnancy then they will wish to carry on specific classes as they will still be restricted certain types and mounts of exercise.For the women who didn't already attend the gym before or during pregnancy then they will defiantly not want to free train they will want a class specific to them so they can get their fitness back and continue with their normal lifestyle. I will research what each gym from different sectors has to offer and compare what gym would be the most suitable for post natal women. This will be the gym with the best classes for these specific groups with targets to improve that specific area and also if there is a choice we will look at what gyms have better more accessible facilities and which gym that you get best value of money from.For Post natal women the voluntary sector again offers good classes, the same voluntary provision ‘Fit Bumps Fit Mums' which continue on after the pregnancy they do a '21 day plan' ran through an online programmer accessible by their private Backbone group. The programmer includes 21 days' worth of workouts that can be done at home. I believe this is a good idea as it means they don't have to go straight back to exercise in a gym where they may feel like they are behind which will be depressing for them.The online programmer costs EYE 1 believe this an extremely good price as you would pay more for a gym membership and wouldn't even go 21 days in one month. They offer online motivation and can be done whenever best for you and you won't have to travel this will suit post natal women as they will have babies that they won't be able to go to a gym with them this makes it much more suitable for their situation. Elderly People Being active can play an important part in both positive ageing and reducing frailty, helping to reduce the risk of falls. It can help older people maintain their health, well- deteriorate as a natural part of ageing.Weakened muscles are not as strong to cope with everyday tasks such as getting up from a chair or walking, and people's balance can be affected. Being active throughout life and especially in older age can help to slow down the rate that muscles deteriorate. This can help older people remain active and independent as long as possible and also reduce the risk of falls in later life. Not all older people have the same needs. For older people who are reasonably healthy and active or whose function has only slightly declined, lots of different activities can help them to remain strong, for as long as possible.For older people it is recommended to get a GAP referral so that you can be referred to a fitness group/ gym th at know exactly how to deal with your needs to prevent injury or damage but still improve your fitness. People who are out of shape or elderly should start aerobic training gradually. For example, they may start with 5 – 10 minutes of low-impact aerobic activity every other day and build toward a goal of 30 minutes per day, three to seven times a week. Swimming is an ideal exercise for many elderly people and or certain people with physical limitations.People with physical limitations include pregnant women. At DEW Fitness there are many classes available to suit the needs of older people such as Palates, Yoga and Aqua aerobics. All these classes are free when signed on to a gym membership wherever it is a monthly or yearly membership contract. Membership contracts at DEW fitness for seniors is EYE. 95 if you wish to may monthly or IEEE. 40 for a upfront yearly cost with offers such as 2 months free and Join before 30th November and don't start payment until 1st January.

Alcon Gove PTY Limited

The economic valuation principles highlights the bottom line of any energy efficient or cost saving measure that will determine whether to proceed with a specific implementation (Anon n. d. ). The company ensures that in all cases when necessary they prevent, minimise, mitigate and remediate potential harmful effects of the Group's operations on the environment (Rio Tinto 2010). The company has been very much proactive with the program of Greenhouse Challenge and since 2001 they even voluntarily submitted its annual greenhouse gas emissions inventory.Since Rio Tinto Alcan Gove’s operations as a whole expends a lot of energy they continuously identify energy efficiency improvement projects prior to the of the Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act (Australian Government Dept of resources, energy and Tourism 2009). According to the company on their Sustainable development review, their focus on providing sound governance and high standards of conduct in which they felt that this wo uld give a competitive advantage over the industry.They are an active member of the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) for the purpose of providing leadership on scientific and policy matters, consistent communication with all stakeholders and promote applying the sustainable development principles to promote best practice performance standards (Rio Tinto 2010). Just recently an example of this activity was displayed.When the company plans to invest $340 million in a molybdenum facility, in which has the capability of processing a lower-grade molybdenum concentrate to be processed more efficiently than through conventional roasters, basically this facility is much more safer and reliable to use for its employees and produces a more high quality product that even its by-products can be utilized which will be also beneficial for Rio Tinto (Utah Pulse 2010). 2- What will be the impact on the consumer of the product or serviceThe impact based on these strategies and polic ies employed internally by Alcan Gove will actually benefit all consumers for its products and services. By being cautious regarding safety and mitigating risks for environment, Rio Tinto displays its integrity by building this foundation of compliance with relevant local laws and regulations and international standards. Consumers tend to choose a company that offers a good quality product that also has done measures to ensure that overall business operations reduces or better yet prevent risks to safety and damaging effects on the environment.3-How might consumer behaviour affects the business's profitability in general terms Consumer behavior definitely has great effects on any overall business profitability. People’s needs and expectations drive demand, and based on statistics on industries especially for developing economies the growth rate in terms of this market can be related to potential significant sales for Alcan Gove (United Nations 2005).Another thing that may imp act demand is the perception of Alcan Gove’s consistent measures to ensure safety for its employees and reduction on environmental impacts, this will create a reflection on how concerned the company is on its surroundings which translates better to the behavior of overall consumers to purchase from them. 4-How could the business respond to these changes to minimise their impact and maximise the benefit to stakeholdersThe company should maintain their strategy on sustainable development, and guarantee that their operations and products as well will be continuously used and developed appropriately throughout their lifecycle. Another strategy that can be employed is on reduction of environmental footprint of their operations, which includes making sure that balancing the impact of overall operations with enhanced environmental outcomes, economic development and overall efficiency of operations.For various types of stakeholders, instant and significant monetary gains may not be e xpected as early as now, but with the continuous improvements focusing on sustainable development and steady growth, stakeholders will reap those rewards soon. References Anon (n. d). Economic Evaluation Principles. [Online] Available from . [27 May 2010] Rio Tinto. (2010). Environmental stewardship.[Online] Available from < http://www. riotinto. com/ourapproach/17194_environmental_stewardship. asp> [27 May 2010] Australian Government Dept of resources, Energy and Tourism (2009). Alcan Gove Pty Limited, Energy Efficiency Opportunities Public Report 2009. [PDF] United Nations (2005). World Population Prospects. [PDF] Utah Pulse. (2010). Rio Tinto to invest $340m in molybdenum facility. [Online] Available from >. [27 May 2010]

The Relationship between Biology and Psychology Essay

The Relationship between Biology and Psychology - Essay Example For example, if a girl loses 10lbs in terms of biology, she would undoubtedly feel ecstatic, confident and extremely happy, and that will probably change her thinking in psychological terms. There are many people who distinguish between the biological and psychological phenomenon through assuming that these phenomena engross various structure, content, and causal mechanisms. For example, children are aware of bodily symptoms, such as coughing, but they are not aware of behavioral abnormalities, such as obsessively washing hands, which is contagious (Freberg 134). In today’s world, many people take the brain and nervous system for granted, which are actually the source of reason, sensation, intellect, and movement. This basic fact is not universally accepted throughout the human history. Although, there are few ancient observations that came close to the truth that the brain has a pivotal role in maintaining the life. Notaro, Gelman, and Zimmerman (2001) found that children do not believe in the psychological events, such as nervousness can result in physical health outcomes, such as pain in the stomach (Notaro, Gelman and Zimmerman 447). After the review of developmental and numerous cognitive kinds of literature, Satoshi (2004) had concluded that human beings are dualists, who have two different ways of looking at the world, in terms of souls and bodies, that means psychological and biological causes appears to be distinct in the minds of the people’s (Satoshi 382).

The Eternal Beatles (How did the group develop over the span of their Essay

The Eternal Beatles (How did the group develop over the span of their career) - Essay Example The Beatles were the embodiment of the 1960’s. They began their career as one type of band and ended as quite another altogether. This is the theme of their development, how they transformed from seemingly carefree suit and tie wearing lads who created innocuous, relatively simple songs to counter-culture icons widely perceived as leaders of a societal revolution. For America, the Beatles could not have emerged at a better time. The Beatles appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in February of 1964, served to effectively end the period of deep and seemingly endless mourning the country experienced following John F. Kennedy’s assassination the previous November. Since then, the country and the world has never been quite the same. The Beatles’ influence directly affected music, art, fashion, philosophy and culture from that time throughout the remainder of 1960’s and the band remains iconic still today. The February Ed Sullivan Show attracted 73 million viewers, 60 per cent of all American viewers, the largest ever television audience. That same month, ‘I Want to Hold Your Hand’ became the Beatles’ first record to make it to number one on the U.S. singles chart and by the next month the ‘Fab Four’ held the top five spots and six of the top ten positions in Canada. Their first national tour in the U.S. during August and September that same year, they â€Å"performed before more people than any other artists in the history of American pop music including Elvis Presley.† In 1964, Americans would spend more than $50 million on sales of Beatle-related merchandise as estimated by The Wall Street Journal.

Analysis of Barack Obamas Inaugural Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Analysis of Barack Obamas Inaugural - Essay Example The result is an incredibly effective speech which I find very stirring emotionally, focusing on a communal struggle rather than his own abilities, so much so that it is difficult to fault it on a lack of logical proposals.   His uses ethos and pathos to emphasize communal struggle as the central aspect of his presidency while filling in the hole with logos to reassure the more critical of the audience, which combines to make an incredibly stirring speech. Barack Obama’s inauguration took place on January 20th, 2009 on the steps of the American Capital building. Much of the context surrounding this speech was entirely traditional to a presidential inauguration – the date in cold late January, the same location as every other inauguration since the capital buildings were built. But the context also had important aspects to it that were unique to this particular event. First, the event was historic, even for an inauguration address. Barack Obama was the first black person ever elected as president of the United States, which in and of itself was important (Tufankjian). He also had by far the most grass-roots campaign that had ever elected a president in recent memory, with the most amount of small donors (Tufankjian). This leads to his rhetoric focusing highly on ideas of communal struggle while eschewing his independent role. Furthermore, America was in the midst of the worst financial crisis since the great depression, s o a tone of hope was important for his speech. Probably the least overplayed part of Obama’s speech was his ethos. Rather than build himself up as a toweringly powerful candidate, or focusing on his position as one of the preeminent constitutional law scholars in America, Obama focused on his humble beginning to try to make himself an everyman, position himself as an outsider who understood the common people’s needs.     Ã‚